On Monday, May 13th, 2024, the Résidence Palace in Brussels will host a landmark event signaling a significant stride toward the completion of the European Higher Education Area. The Benelux countries: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg – together with the Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania – are extending an invitation to other European nations to join their pioneering treaty on automatic diploma recognition for higher education.
The treaty, which came into force on May 1st, 2024, marks the culmination of years of collaborative effort aimed at dismantling bureaucratic barriers and reducing additional costs associated with the recognition of diplomas across borders. Rooted in the recognition of the value of education and the free movement of students and professionals within Europe, this initiative is poised to set a new standard for cooperation within the European Union.
The genesis of this endeavor traces back to 2015 when the Benelux countries initiated the automatic recognition of certain diplomas, a move mirrored by the Baltic States shortly thereafter. Recognizing the mutual benefits of expanding this system to encompass all six countries, these regions have emerged as trailblazers, demonstrating proactive leadership in promoting inclusivity within the EU.
The event, scheduled to commence at 6:30 PM at Résidence Palace, will feature dignitaries and representatives from the fields of education, policy, and international organizations. Education ministers from the Benelux and the Baltic States will deliver opening remarks.
A panel discussion, moderated by Deputy Minister Agnè Kudarauskiené of Lithuania, will provide a platform for representatives of international education organizations, including the European Students’ Union and the European University Association, to share insights and perspectives on the implications of automatic diploma recognition for higher education in Europe. A video message from UNESCO will further enrich the dialogue, emphasizing the global significance of this initiative.
Michel-Etienne Tilemans, Deputy Secretary-General of Benelux, will deliver closing remarks, reflecting on the journey thus far and setting the stage for continued collaboration and progress.
The event will culminate in a cocktail dinner, providing attendees with an opportunity to network.
Two conferences on the Taş Tepeler Project took place on 25 March 2024, first at the Yunus Emre Institute in Amsterdam and later at Leiden University. Professor Dr. Necmi Karul, the project coordinator and director of the Göbeklitepe-Karahantepe excavation, delivered a lecture titled “Taş Tepeler: The Land of Great Transformation” at the Yunus Emre Institute. The conference centered on the emergence of sedentary life and Anatolia’s significant role in human history during this era.
Approximately 12 thousand years ago, the conclusion of the Ice Age brought about substantial changes, especially in Southwest Asia, notably Anatolia. The archaeological excavations at Göbeklitepe in Şanlıurfa since 1995, alongside numerous other sites, have provided evidence of this transformative period. Launched by the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism in 2021, the Taş Tepeler Project focuses on this epoch, conducting research at 10 distinct sites.
Led by teams from various global universities including Japan, England, Germany, Italy, and Turkey, this project is among the most comprehensive archaeological endeavors in recent years. It offers unique insights into the origins of sedentary life, a pivotal transformation in human history. Initial findings underscore the significance of communal structures designed for specific purposes, alongside domestic dwellings, for prehistoric communities in the region. These sophisticated architectural marvels hold strong symbolic value, with pillars reaching heights of up to 6 meters, symbolizing human figures. Adorned with anthropomorphic reliefs and animal representations, these structures likely narrate mythological stories.
A noteworthy outcome of the Taş Tepeler Project is the revelation that despite settling down, the inhabitants of the region 12 millennia ago remained hunter-gatherers. Contrary to prior beliefs associating settled life with agriculture and animal husbandry, no evidence of domesticated animals or agriculture has been uncovered in these settlements. This paradigm shift is attributed to the abundance of resources available in Anatolia during that era.
The lecture at the Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, delved into communal buildings. Initially circular and sunken into the ground, these structures evolved into quadrangular forms with advancements in architectural techniques. While the precise function of these colossal structures, some spanning 30 meters in diameter, remains elusive, they are believed to have served as gathering places for communal rituals. The distinctive pillars, adorned with animal representations, are a hallmark of these communal buildings. Karahantepe boasts several such structures, including one with a human head carved from rock, surrounded by 11 phallus-shaped pillars, likely serving as a site for rites of passage.
An intriguing aspect of these communal buildings is their intentional burial after use, preserving the experiences within rather than the structures themselves. This practice, though its rationale remains unclear, is believed to have been motivated by a desire to encapsulate the lived history within these edifices. Notably, numerous human, animal, and composite sculptures, as well as intricately crafted stone vessels and plates, were deliberately deposited within the structures during the filling process.
Significant discoveries in 2023 include painted human and animal sculptures. The wild boar statue found at Göbeklitepe, adorned with red and black-and-white paint, stands as the oldest known painted animal sculpture. Similarly, a human statue discovered at Karahantepe, seated on a bench and standing at 2.45 meters tall, boasts intricate details including rib and phallus representations on its chest.
The continuing excitement that Göbeklitepe has generated for prehistoric archaeology is perhaps one of the most important benefits of this project for society. In this regard, the missions of the Republic of Turkey have made it a priority to share these developments with the public.
The Case of The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga in the Democratic Republic of Congo
On April 24, 2024, a significant ceremony took place in Bunia, Ituri, Democratic Republic of the Congo, marking the conclusion of the implementation of reparations in the case of The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga. This event, convened by the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Trust Fund for Victims (TFV), with support from the Congolese government and attended by dignitaries from various nations, symbolized a crucial milestone in the pursuit of justice.
The Katanga Reparation Programme aimed to assist individuals impacted by the tragic events of February 23, 2003, when the village of Bogoro in Ituri Province, DRC, was attacked. Mr. Katanga was held liable as an accessory by the ICC for this attack. The programme provided support to those who lost loved ones, endured physical and psychological harm, and suffered property and livestock losses.
Symbolic Ceremony in Bunia, Ituri, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
ICC President Tomoko Akane, in a video message, emphasized the historic nature of the completion of reparations, lauding it as a significant achievement for both the Rome Statute system and the survivors of the Bogoro attack. She commended the resilience and dignity of the survivors throughout the ICC process, expressing hope that justice had been served.
The ceremony, designed according to the wishes of the victims, featured various symbolic elements. It included traditional dances calling for reconciliation among Ituri Province’s communities, a theatrical performance by students highlighting the role of the Rome Statute in delivering justice, and a dialogue between the beneficiaries and Mr. Marc Perrin de Brichambaut, former ICC Judge who presided over the reparations order.
A survivor provided a testimony, and a symbolic act of acceptance of reparations occurred, where beneficiaries transferred clay cows to signify their acknowledgment and gratitude. Cows hold cultural significance in Ituri and were chosen as reparations due to their symbolism of prosperity and identity.
H.E. Mr. Ingo Herbert, German Ambassador to the DRC during the ceremony.
The reparations, totaling USD 1 million, were fully complemented by the TFV with contributions from Germany, The Netherlands, and additional donors. H.E. Mr. Ingo Herbert, German Ambassador to the DRC, expressed admiration for the victims’ courage and emphasized the importance of community involvement in reparations planning and implementation.
Maître Fidel Luvengika Nsita, Legal Representative of Victims.
Mr. Ibrahim Yillah, Vice-Chair of the TFV Board of Directors, underscored the collaborative effort among States Parties, the ICC, and the TFV in achieving justice as promised by the Rome Statute.
The ceremony received support from a delegation of Ambassadors of States Parties and was followed by a roundtable event in Kinshasa, further discussing reparations programmes in the DRC.
Symbolic ceremony marking the conclusion of the implementation of reparations in the case of The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga.
The Katanga Reparation Programme, implemented between 2017 and 2023, provided symbolic compensation followed by collective reparations, including housing and educational support, and income-generating activities based on victims’ preferences. Psychological support was also extended to victims, ensuring comprehensive assistance.
Mr. Yillah, the Vice Chair of the Board of Directors of the TFV.
The successful completion of these reparations signifies a step forward in addressing the grievances of victims and reaffirms the commitment to justice and reconciliation in conflict-affected regions.
Hari Kartini, also known as Kartini Day, is celebrated on April 21 in Indonesia. It honours Raden Adjeng Kartini, an advocate for women’s rights and education. She played a vital role in raising the social status of Indonesian women and highlighting key issues related to gender inequality.
In Indonesia, Kartini Day is celebrated with various activities, including fashion pageants. On April 21, 2024, BAROQCO – ADDICT of Haarlem organized a fashion show under the theme “The Legacy of Kartini” with the Indonesian Embassy’s patronage.
H.E. Ambassador Mr Mayerfas delivered the keynote address, He stated the following. “First, I would like to thank and to congratulate Bapak Eduardo Liem and Ibu Imelda from Baroqco and Mr. Sanjay from Addict Haarlem for organizing the event today, with the theme ‘Legacy of Kartini’.
On the 21st of April, Indonesians are commemorating Kartini Day. Kartini, one of our national heroes, was a prominent Indonesian woman who advocated for women’s rights and female education. She was actually not the first major female figures. Centuries before her, Indonesia has known Queen Kalinyamat from Jepara with the biggest trading fleet across the Atlantic Ocean. Later on, we have Keumala Hayati from Aceh Sultanate, the first woman admiral in the modern world. We also have the brave Martha Christina Tiahahu, a leading Moluccan Freedom Fighter, and many more.
Kartini, however, has a special place in the relation between Indonesia and the Netherlands. But I will leave it to Ms. Feba Sukmana to explain more about it. We are celebrating women’s diverse roles and emancipation in many walks of life. Today’s women are strong, determined, and most importantly, they can achieve their dreams, just like what Kartini aspired more than a century ago.
I wish this event can be inspiring, not only for women but for all; about respecting human’s rights, respecting differing views and aspirations, and promoting friendship between our two people, Indonesia and the Netherlands in the spirit of Kartini.
Pak Eduardo, Ibu Imelda, Mr. Sanjay, thank you so much for celebrating the Legacy of Kartini with this wonderful event. Thank you also to Chef Rendy from Hotel Jakarta and Good Jamu who have prepared the snacks and healthy welcoming drinks. I hope you all enjoy it. Terima kasih”
BAROQCO – ADDICT issued the following statement “Inspired by the remarkable legacy of Raden Adjeng Kartini, an Indonesian advocate for women’s rights and education, the Legacy of Kartini 2024 runway show was a poignant tribute to her enduring spirit. Kartini’s dedication to empowering women and preserving cultural heritage served as the guiding light for the BAROQCO x ADDICT event.
Against the backdrop of ADDICT Haarlem, the stage was set for a mesmerizing showcase of haute couture and prêt-à-porter collections, each adorned with the timeless elegance of the traditional kebaya. Designed by the talented Dwi Sisdianto, the kebaya added a touch of heritage to every ensemble, symbolizing the fusion of tradition and modernity.
Photographers Marcel Schwab, Edwin Brosens & Frits van Onzen captured the essence of the show, immortalizing the beauty and grace of each moment. Models Floor Iris van de Vegte, Luna Isabella, Casey de Vries, Melissa Bottema, Serena Darder, Isabella Boels, and Bo Grootten, provided by 12 Months of Beauty, brought the designs to life with their poise and charm.
Under the skilled hands of MUA Team JK, led by chief MUA JK, along with Roos Wiers, Quinty Uittenbogaard, Danique Leermakers, and Fara Louise Anne, and with hair styled by Sanjay Ramcharan from ADDICT Haarlem, every look was flawlessly executed.
The exquisite jewelry from BAROQCO founded by Eduardo Liem & Imelda Liem added a touch of opulence to the ensembles, completing the vision of sophistication and allure. Thanks to sponsors Hotel Jakarta Amsterdam and Good Jamu for their unwavering support, and to the Indonesian Embassy (KBRI Den Haag) for their gracious patronage.
Credentials:
Photographer Marcel Schwab
Models Floor Iris van de Vegte, Luna Isabella, Casey de Vries, Melissa Bottema, Serena Darder, Isabella Boels & Bo Grootten
MUA by Team JK with chief mua JK, Roos wiers, Quinty Uittenbogaard, Danique Leermakers & Fara Louise Anne Hair by Sanjay Ramcharan from ADDICT Haarlem
Assistant Harm-Jan Cordes
Jewelry from BAROQCO by Eduardo Liem & Imelda Liem Kebaya by Dwi Sisdianto
In a splendid display of elegance and fellowship, the Embassy of Kuwait in The Hague recently hosted a memorable celebration marking the anniversaries of the National Day and Liberation Day of Kuwait. The event, attended by diplomats, business associates, Dutch officials, friends of Kuwait, and esteemed guests, of over 300 attendees, was a tribute to the lasting connection between Kuwait and the Netherlands.
Kuwait National and Liberation Day 2024
The National Day of Kuwait commemorates the 63rd anniversary since Kuwait gained its independence in 1961, the Liberation Day reflects upon 33 years since Kuwait was liberated following an unlawful and brutal invasion in 1991, with the support of the Netherlands as a member of the International coalition that liberated Kuwait, following the adoption of U.N. Security Council resolution 678.
This resolution gave the international coalition the authority to use all means necessary, to restore Kuwait’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. These milestones are significant not only in Kuwait’s history but also in its journey towards progress and prosperity.
The King of the Netherlands and the Emir of Kuwait.
Reflecting on Kuwait’s journey since its independence, it is remarkable to see how this small yet dynamic nation has emerged as a leader in various fields. With a population exceeding 4.5 million, Kuwait boasts a diverse economy driven by industries such as petroleum, petrochemicals, construction, finance, and tourism. Moreover, Kuwait’s commitment to renewable energy and sustainable development underscores its vision for a brighter future.
Central to the event was Ambassador Aldafiri’s address, where he highlighted the special milestone of 60 years of diplomatic relations between Kuwait and the Netherlands. Emphasizing mutual respect, understanding, and cooperation, he underscored the shared values that have strengthened bilateral ties over the decades. He also expressed optimism about the potential for further collaboration in areas such as energy, technology, education, and trade.
Kuwait Petroleum International
Ambassador Al-Dafiri underscored the robust economic and investment connections between the respective nations. Notably, the significant presence of Kuwait Petroleum International (Q8), a subsidiary of Kuwait Petroleum Corporation (KPC)—one of the world’s largest corporations—operating extensively in the Netherlands under the brand name “Tango”, exemplifies the enduring and formidable partnership shared between the two countries.
To mark the occasion, the embassy unveiled a symbolic logo celebrating six decades of diplomatic relations between Kuwait and the Netherlands. The logo, adorned with symbols representing technological advancements and cultural heritage, served as an affirmation of the enduring friendship between the two nations. “2024 marks a special milestone for both Kuwait and The Netherlands as we celebrate the 60th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between both countries. In this context, it gives me great pleasure to showcase the logo, created specifically for this special occasion in collaboration with the Dutch Embassy in Kuwait and the kind support of Kuwait Petroleum International and we look forward to many events and activities that will take place throughout this year in Kuwait and the Netherlands to celebrate this special milestone.” Expressed Ambassador Aldafiri.
Kuwait National and Liberation Day 2024. Marriot Hotel The Hague.
The event also featured a presentation highlighting Kuwait’s advancements in the petroleum industry, showcasing its leadership in the international market. Guests were treated to a lavish buffet featuring Kuwaiti delicacies, fostering an atmosphere of warmth and hospitality.
H.E. Mr. Frans Potuyt, former Ambassador of the Netherlands to Kuwait.
His Excellency Mr. Frans Potuyt, former Ambassador of the Netherlands to Kuwait, extended his congratulations to Kuwait, praising its commitment to freedom, tolerance, and peace in the region. He expressed gratitude for the strong bilateral relations between the two countries, underlining the importance of wise leadership in fostering mutual understanding and cooperation.
The celebration of Kuwait’s National and Liberation Day in The Hague serves as a testimony to the enduring friendship and mutual respect between Kuwait and the Netherlands. As both nations look towards the future, the event reaffirmed their commitment to strengthening ties and fostering prosperity for generations to come. Diplomat Magazine extends its sincere congratulations to the State of Kuwait on this joyous occasion.
In a world where globalization often threatens the uniqueness of cultural heritage, the efforts to preserve and promote traditional crafts are not only commendable but vital. Maria Rosa Eguez, the spouse of the Ecuadorian Ambassador, is one such advocate, championing the prestigious art and craft of Ecuador – the Toquilla Straw Hat.
Recently, Maria Rosa organized a presentation about this iconic hat, also known as the “Panama Hat”, with the aim of showcasing Ecuador’s rich cultural legacy. Specially organized for the members of ASA, the diplomatic spouses association of The Hague, and supported by the Embassy of Ecuador and its Commercial Office, Maria Rosa’s endeavor was more than just showcasing a product; it was about celebrating centuries of tradition and craftsmanship.
Members of ASA during the Ecuador’s Toquilla Straw Hat’s presentation,
The Toquilla Straw Hat holds a special place in Ecuadorian heritage, its origins dating back to pre-Hispanic cultures. The intricate weaving of toquilla fibers was practiced by ancient civilizations for various purposes, from hat-making to shelter construction and even fishing traps. This deep-rooted tradition endured through the ages, evolving with the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century.
It was in the 17th century that a significant milestone occurred when Domingo Chóez combined pre-Hispanic weaving techniques with the traditional form of Hispanic cloth hats, giving birth to what we now recognize as the Toquilla Straw Hat. This fusion of cultures marked the beginning of a flourishing industry that would become synonymous with Ecuadorian craftsmanship.
By the late 18th century, the Toquilla Straw Hat had become a significant export commodity, with its popularity extending beyond Ecuador’s borders to countries like Colombia, Peru, and Chile. However, it wasn’t until the 19th century that the hat gained its famous moniker – the Panama Hat.
The strategic location of Panama Canal facilitated the distribution of these hats to international markets, leading to the misconception of their origin. This misnomer persisted, bolstered by an iconic moment when President Theodore Roosevelt was photographed wearing one during his visit to the Panama Canal in 1906. From then on, the Ecuadorian Toquilla Straw Hat became widely known as the Panama Hat.
Despite the global recognition, Ecuador remained committed to preserving the authenticity of its cultural heritage. In 2012, UNESCO recognized the traditional weaving of the Toquilla Straw Hat as a World Intangible Cultural Heritage.
Through education, promotion, and economic support, Ecuador continues to safeguard its ancestral techniques, ensuring that the art of Toquilla weaving thrives for years to come.
As Maria Rosa concluded her speech, she invited the audience to witness the intricate process of hat-making through an interesting video.
Ecuador’s Toquilla Straw Hat
In a rapidly changing world, where cultural homogenization threatens diversity, initiatives like Maria Rosa’s serve as a guiding light of hope, reminding us of the beauty and importance of embracing our heritage.
On the afternoon of March 30, 2024, the Royal Thai Embassy in The Hague, under the distinguished patronage of H.E. Mr. Asi Mamanee, the Ambassador of the Royal Kingdom of Thailand, organised a captivating journey into the realm of Thai culinary artistry.
With the prestigious Leonardo Royal Hotel Den Haag Promenade as its backdrop, the workshop titled “Kae-Sa-Lak Thai Fruit & Vegetable Carving for beginners” welcomed enthusiasts and novices alike to explore the intricate craft of Thai fruit and vegetable carving. Ambassador Mamanee warmly greeted participants, setting the stage for a promising and enlightening experience rooted in Thai tradition.
Guided by the skilled artisans of the Buddhivongsil Carving Group—Ms. Phanida Yommee, Ms. Suphatcha Chaisaeng, and Ms. Mayuree Inaum—the workshop was meticulously curated to impart the rich heritage of Thai culinary skills to a diverse audience.
Thai fruit and vegetable carving transcends mere culinary practice; it embodies an art form deeply embedded in Thai culture. Often utilized for food decoration during family gatherings and festive occasions, it adds a touch of grace and symbolism to traditional dishes, symbolizing the elegance and sophistication of Thai cuisine.
The Royal Thai Embassy’s unwavering commitment to promoting Thai traditions within the Dutch community has yielded significant success. Preceding the carving workshop, a series of Thai meditation sessions captivated a mixed audience comprising locals, diplomats, and members of the diaspora, fostering cultural exchange and mutual understanding.
The workshop reached its maximum capacity, attracting 21 eager participants from diverse backgrounds. Dutch residents, international expatriates, and spouses of diplomats from ASEAN member countries, along with representatives from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, graced the occasion.
Throughout the session, participants were introduced to a plethora of carving techniques and skills, unveiling the secrets behind transforming humble fruits and vegetables into exquisite works of art. The intricate patterns and delicate motifs demonstrated by the instructors, inspired attendees to delve deeper into the intricacies of Thai culinary craftsmanship. As tokens of appreciation, the Embassy presented each participant with special carving knives and utensils to continue their practice at home.
The workshop’s success was further enhanced by the generous support of partners such as the Buddhivongsil Carving Group, Namdhari’s Fresh, and Bud Holland. Their contributions, including an array of Thai fruits and vegetables, enriched the participants’ experience, fostering a profound appreciation for Thai culinary traditions.
As the curtains drew to a close on this memorable event, the Royal Thai Embassy, The Hague, extended heartfelt gratitude to all involved, reaffirming its dedication to nurturing cultural exchange and celebrating the enduring beauty of Thai heritage.
In the heart of The Hague, a city known for its international ambiance and diplomatic presence, Diplomat Magazine partnered with the embassies of Argentina, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic to curate a series of after-work diplomatic activities centered around the art of dance. La Residance Dance School became the stage for this cultural convergence, offering diplomats a professional introduction to the rhythmic delights of tango, salsa, and merengue-bachata.
The journey commenced with the grace and passion of the Argentine tango, as the renowned duo Tango Matter, comprising Geraldine Rojas and Ezequiel Paludi, guided a group of diplomats through the fundamentals of this elegant dance form. In three master classes, participants immersed themselves in the intricate footwork and intimate connection that define the essence of tango, gaining insights into Argentine culture beyond diplomatic protocols.
Diplomats Tango Classes
As autumn deepened, the warmth of Dominican rhythms enveloped the dance floor, as Rafael Espinal led a workshop on merengue and bachata.
Against the backdrop of chilly November evenings, diplomats shed their formal attire and embraced the vivacious beats, guided by Espinal’s expertise and accompanied by enlightening narratives on the history of Dominican music. In four lively classes, merengue and bachata became not just dances, but fraternal links among diplomats from a myriad of countries.
Diplomat Magazine Salsa classes.
March brought the pulsating energy of Cuban salsa to the forefront, by Rafael Cala and his team of dancers. With contagious enthusiasm, they infused the diplomatic cohort with the spirit of Havana, teaching the steps and the cultural nuances embedded within each movement.
At the conclusion of each dance series, the embassies of Argentina, Cuba and Dominican Republic, graciously presented certificates of participation to all attendees.
H.E. Ms. Anet Pino Rivero, Ambassador of Cuba, Dr. Mayelinne De Lara, Diplomat Magazine’s Publisher and Ms. Lourdes Escobar, Consul of Cuba presenting the certificates of participations to the Salsa Workshop.
Beyond the mere steps and spins, Dancing Diplomacy encapsulates the essence of cultural exchange and mutual respect. Through shared experiences on the dance floor, diplomats transcend formalities and engage on a human level, fostering trust and empathy essential for effective diplomacy.
The European Times (03.05.2024) – It has been almost one year since Basir Al Sqour, a 47-year-old former military officer in the Jordanian army with the rank of “major,” had to leave his country in a hurry because of his change of religion and the ensuing persecution due to his choice. He managed to reach Greece in November 2023 where his brother Omar and his wife had arrived two months earlier. All of them have provisionally found a safe but fragile haven in that country where they have applied for asylum.
Basir Al Squour was a Sunni Muslim but in 2015 he discovered and joined a new religious movement having its roots in Twelver Shia Islam: the Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light. Such a case could be compared to a Catholic converting to a marginal Protestant group, like the Adventists or Jehovah’s Witnesses. This would remain unnoticed and without any damaging consequences in any country with a Christian majority population. Not in Jordan where he was viewed as a heretic by the military hierarchy, mainstream religious scholars, the civil authorities and the Muslim population.
The Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light, a liberal Muslim movement
The Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light appeared in 1999 in the chaotic post-Saddam Iraq and soon expanded to other countries with Sunni or Shia majority populations. This Muslim community is not to be confused with the Ahmadiyya Community founded in the 19th century by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad within a Sunni context. The Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light is a very small community in Jordan. As they are considered heretics, they face ongoing challenges, including harassment from authorities, threats of violence and social exclusion due to their divergent beliefs from the traditional orthodox views. Their followers believe that the real Kaaba is not in Mecca (but in Petra, Jordan), that all the prophets throughout the history of Islam made mistakes, that fixed times for prayers are not necessary, that Ramadan is in December, that headscarves should not be mandatory for women, that alcohol can be freely but moderately drunk. They accept LGBTQ people in their community and believe they should not be stigmatized or persecuted.
Some points of the legal framework about religion
The U.S. government estimates the population at 10.9 million (midyear 2020 estimate). According to U.S. government estimates, Muslims, virtually all of whom are Sunni, make up 97.2 percent of the population. The constitution declares Islam “the religion of the state” but safeguards “the free exercise of all forms of worship and religious rites,” as long as these are consistent with public order and morality. It stipulates there shall be no discrimination in the rights and duties of citizens on grounds of religion and states the King must be a Muslim.
The Jordanian Penal Code includes provisions which criminalise defamation of religion, the monarchy and other institutions. Article 273 of Jordan’s Penal Code, for example, criminalises “contempt of any of the Prophets” with imprisonment for up to three years. This includes attributing any mistakes to them. Article 278 criminalises” publishing anything that would insult the religious feelings or religious beliefs of other people”. This extends to publishing books that violate public norms and values, are religiously offensive, or are insulting to the King. Additionally, article 274 of the Jordanian Penal code criminalises eating or drinking in public during the month of Ramadan with imprisonment up to a month and a fine.
The escalation in the state and societal persecution of the Ahmadi Religion
Not surprisingly, the Jordanian authorities launched a ruthless campaign to shut down the faith and crack down on its members. In 2020, the Jordanian authorities even went as far as shutting down the satellite channel of the religious community, which was broadcasting to hundreds of thousands of homes in the MENA region. Initially the authorities censored any material that spoke negatively about Jordan. Then the Jordanian government made an official request to the satellite company, succeeding in shutting down the channel completely and getting it off air.
Inside Jordan, the crackdown was even more severe, with harassment, social ostracism and violent attacks on the homes of followers of the Ahmadi Religion. Basir’s family for instance reported being called “impure apostates” and relatives refused to enter their homes or to eat and drink with them. Yet things escalated further when one day the extended family of Basir attacked his house. They came with sticks and even shot guns at the house. According to their thinking it was permissible to kill him since he was a “murtad” (an apostate).
The escalation in the persecution targeting Basir Al Sqour
Basir Al Sqour graduated from King Hussein’s Air College as a combat pilot. When it was known that he was an adherent of the Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light, persecution started.
He was subjected to continuous investigations because there was no place for a heretic in the army of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.
In mid-2017, his unit’s commander urgently summoned him to the military intelligence office. He thought it would just be a routine inquiry about his change of religion but this time, it was different. The investigation officers threatened him that he would face military trial under severe charges, including apostasy and treason, if he did not resign from his position in the army or recant his new religious affiliation. Concerned for his family’s safety, he chose to resign after an 18-year military career, losing all his retirement benefits and entitlements.
The whole family of Basir is now scattered across several European countries. For the moment, Basir is in Greece with both his brothers, Omar and Ahmed, and Omar’s wife, Wala. They have all applied for asylum in Greece. Basir and Omar are waiting for the decision of the authorities. For the main fundamental reason – heresy because of their divergent theological doctrines and practices – the Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light and their followers are persecuted in quite a number of countries with Muslim majority populations: Algeria, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Malaysia, Thailand, Turkey…
While leaning on the previous Institute’s analysis, this work will particularly examine Azerbaijan’s Southern Gas Corridor (SGC) as a strategic pathway for both the EU and Azerbaijan amidst the ongoing energy transition. The SGC serves as an infrastructure project, aiming to transport natural gas from the Caspian region to Europe. The strategic positioning of Azerbaijan, established infrastructure, and commitment to align with global climate needs are the strong features complimenting the SGC. By capitalizing on its natural resources and embracing innovative solutions such as CCS and hydrogen production, Azerbaijan can position itself as a reliable partner in the global pursuit of climate resilience. Addressing societal skepticism and fostering industry readiness are the next step for the SGC. As the world moves towards a more sustainable energy future, the SGC will continue to play a vital role in shaping the energy landscape of the Caspian region and Europe. In essence, the SGC embodies a paradigm shift towards collaborative energy governance, where mutual interests converge to forge a path toward a more sustainable future.
The Role of Oil and Gas Companies in the Global Energy Transition
Climate change has shifted from a distant concern to an imminent crisis demanding immediate action across all sectors of society. At the forefront of this global challenge are oil and gas companies, longstanding pillars of the world’s energy landscape. As the primary contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, these companies wield considerable influence in shaping the course of climate change and bear significant responsibility for mitigating its impacts. The urgency for change is underscored by the existential threat posed to oil and gas companies in the face of rapid global energy transformation. According to the report from the Atlantic Council, in the S&P 500, the energy sector has experienced a dramatic decrease of 48 percent in the last 10 years (Krauskopf, 2019).
National oil companies (NOCs), in particular, emerge as key players in this landscape. Fully or majority-owned by national governments, these companies have significant influence, accounting for half of global oil production and holding a substantial share of global oil reserves (Belle and Mulhovo, 2024). Oil income serves as a vital revenue source for governments, underpinning essential services and societal well-being. Despite their centrality to national economies and revenue generation, NOCs face mounting pressure to participate in the energy transition and support the decarbonization of the energy system.
Recent global climate conferences, such as COP28 hosted by the United Arab Emirates (UNFCCC, 2023) and the upcoming COP29 scheduled in Azerbaijan (UNFCCC, 2024), highlight the active involvement of petrostates and oil and gas companies in this pivotal transition. Moreover, IRENA analysis highlighted the link between the markets, governance structures, institutional features, and the energy transition in NOCs (IRENA, 2021), and in the face of these challenges and opportunities, oil and gas companies must navigate a multifaceted landscape characterized by policy, investor, and societal pressures. The sector’s utilization of interconnected technologies offers great avenues for decarbonization. From geological expertise to the development of carbon capture and storage (CCS) and hydrogen production, the industry holds existing expertise that can be harnessed to facilitate the energy transition.
Azerbaijan’s Strategic Positioning in Green Energy and the Role of SGC
There are numerous opportunities open for countries like Azerbaijan, which thanks to their proximity to Europe and well-established oil and gas infrastructure, can utilize the already existing expertise and infrastructure to invest in hydrogen projects (Belle and Mulhovo, 2024). It has the potential to decarbonize the energy sector. Additionally, CCS technologies, which can capture emitted CO2, hold significant promise. Notably, according to the IEA report, a substantial portion of large-scale CCS projects, approximately 80% (2020), are integrated with oil and gas operations. Scaling up CCS is a pivotal aspect of global decarbonization efforts, aligning with initiatives such as the EU’s Net Zero Industry Act and Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Agreement (IEA, 2023).
By becoming the host country for the next COP29, Azerbaijan has immediately drawn attention to its energy sector. Considering current geopolitical changes in Eurasia, Azerbaijan is in a favorable position to extend its influence both eastward into Central Asia and westward into the Balkans and further in the EU. The planned increase in energy supply to Europe and the advancement of critical connectivity projects such as the Middle Corridor and SGC are positioning Azerbaijan to apply an active role in the region, emerging as a vital hub for essential energy resources. Meanwhile, being a petrostate and with the oil and gas sector being the cornerstone of the country’s economy, Azerbaijan, considering the green transition, does participate in the process through its diversification efforts. Moreover, having renewable energy potential as hydro, solar, wind, and geothermal resources (IEA, 2023) is an opportunity for future growth. As it was stated during the Green Energy Advisory Council meeting in Baku, considering the role of the oil and gas sector in the green energy transition, SGC is going to be the platform for enhanced energy partnership between Azerbaijan and the EU (President AZ, 2024).
Meanwhile, there is a changing role of the oil and gas companies in energy, this analysis will primarily examine the strategic significance of Azerbaijan’s SGC for both the EU and Azerbaijan amidst the ongoing energy transition. The SGC serves as a crucial energy infrastructure project, aiming to transport natural gas from the Caspian region to Europe.
The SGC will not only impact the energy transition but will also need and create changes in other areas such as policy, society, and industry. The political fit refers to the need for the policies and regulations governing energy production and consumption to align with the goals of decarbonization and sustainability. Meanwhile, society’s increasing awareness and concern about climate change and environmental degradation play a significant role in shaping energy policies and practices. Finally, for the SGC, understanding the industry’s readiness to seize CCS and hydrogen production opportunities is crucial for determining the project’s success and its contribution to the energy transition. Therefore, this study will delve into various aspects, including policy alignment, societal demands for decarbonization, and industry changes, particularly concerning CCS technology and blue hydrogen production.
Evolving Energy Alliances: Azerbaijan’s Role Amidst Political Shifts in Europe
“The Russian clash with the west over Ukraine has prompted significant political changes in Eurasia, leading to a reconsideration of energy alliances and a closer examination of everyone’s role” – as guru of the higher education in Africa and the Swiss MP, prof. Djawed Sangdel pointed out. Caucasus is surely an important energy transiting and producing partner. Countries in Southeast Europe and Central Europe, including existing customers like Greece, Bulgaria, and Italy, as well as potential new customers such as Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, North Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania, Slovenia, and Albania (Bowden, 2022), have expressed interest in increasing their imports of Azerbaijani gas.
Pipeline Gas Flows From the Russian Federation to the EU (2021-2023)
Source: ENTSOG
These countries, collectively forming the Southeast Europe and Central European region, are seeking to diversify their energy sources away from reliance on Russian supplies. Furthermore, major producers in the region, including Serbia, Greece, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, and Romania, are aligning their energy policies with the EU’s decarbonization objectives. They are aiming to reduce coal production and consumption, substituting it with natural gas and renewable energy sources. As the Prime Minister of Albania, Edi Rama said as the proportion of Russian gas in the EU is declining from 40% to zero and with the push for green initiatives the utilization of Azerbaijani gas resources and the Caspian region becomes increasingly vital for the mutual future of the regions (President AZ, 2024). On December 31, 2020, the initial transmission of Azerbaijani gas to the EU has started. According to Azerbaijan’s Energy Ministry, within three years, the SGC facilitated the delivery of over 31 billion cubic meters (bcm) of natural gas to Europe.
In July 2022, European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen and Energy Commissioner Kadri Simson visited Baku to confer with President Aliyev and formally endorsed a Memorandum of Understanding regarding the exportation of increasing by 4 bcm of gas from Azerbaijan to Europe, starting in 2022 (European Commission, 2022). This agreement further underscored Azerbaijan’s status as a credible energy ally. At this moment, gas supplies to Europe from the Corridor have increased by 46% compared to 2021. The RePowerEU policy by the European Commission (2022) aims for a significant and immediate reduction in the EU’s reliance on Russian gas, intending to eliminate dependence on imported Russian fossil fuels, including oil, gas, and coal, well before 2030. This plan involves diversifying gas imports from alternative sources such as the MENA region, LNG, and gas from Azerbaijan, among other strategies.
Policy Dynamics in the SGC
European companies operating within the SGC are undergoing significant policy changes as well, in particular, in their approach to renewable energy and the broader electricity supply chain (IRENA, 2021). One group of companies, including Eni, Shell, and Total, is not only diversifying their portfolios to include renewable energy but also investing extensively across the electricity supply chain, from production to generation and supply. Shell and Total, for example, have expanded their presence through the acquisition of companies involved in various aspects of electricity generation, battery storage, domestic power, and more, on a global scale (IRENA, 2021). These shifts in operational organization reflect European companies’ recognition of the need to align with Europe’s transition to a lower-carbon economy, driven by both policy mandates and financial pressures. As these companies increasingly invest in renewable energy and transition toward becoming electricity providers, there could be shifts in the demand for natural gas and the role of the corridor in supplying Europe’s energy needs. The SGC serves as a crucial energy infrastructure project, providing European countries with an alternative to Russian gas and supporting decarbonization objectives, meanwhile expanding the energy market for Azerbaijan.
Considering other political fits in the framework of the Southern Gas Corridor, the SGC operates within the framework of European competition legislation, which prohibits joint sales and marketing through a single seller as it breaches Article 81(1) EC and Article 53 of the European Economic Area Agreement. However, when long-term gas supply contracts were signed with European gas buyers in 2013, the marketing arm of the Shah Deniz consortium, Azerbaijan Gas Supply Company (AGSC), a single seller, was exempted from joint sales restrictions. This exemption was granted because although AGSC is a single consortium, it has seven shareholders, the Shah Deniz Gas Entitlement Holders, and each sells its gas via AGSC in proportion to its entitlement.
Society and Green Transition
Skepticism from society regarding Azerbaijan’s ability to contribute to the green transition and serve as an energy ally for Europe due to its reliance on fossil fuels is a valid concern. Given Azerbaijan’s significant oil and gas reserves and its historical dependence on these resources, there may be doubts about the country’s commitment to sustainability and its capacity to transition to cleaner energy sources. Addressing these concerns requires transparent communication and concrete actions from Azerbaijan to demonstrate its dedication to green initiatives and its willingness to embrace renewable energy technologies.
Azerbaijan’s initiative to host COP29 highlights its commitment to leading discussions on global climate action, despite its abundant fossil fuel resources. This represents the dedication to exploring ways for a sustainable and efficient green energy transition on a global scale, and most importantly, economies heavily dependent on the oil and gas sector.
The meeting in Baku had two important topics: advancing the bilateral clean energy agenda between Azerbaijan and the EU and the operational aspects of the SGC. Hydrogen was a focal point of the discussion as it has the potential in the long run to intersect both areas (President AZ, 2024). The country has a lot of opportunities for renewable energy, such as wind and solar, which can further be used to produce hydrogen and electricity that can be exported and further replace fossil fuels. They have set national targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2050 compared to the levels from the 1990s (Abnett, 2024). In this context, having discussions on blue and green hydrogens within the framework of the SGC is of significant importance. Oil companies operating in the country are also taking their part in the green energy initiatives. For instance, BP is planning to start construction of a solar power station with a capacity of 240 MW (Azernews, 2024) in the summer of 2024.
The SGC is an initiative in the transition of oil and gas-dependent Azerbaijan towards green energy, proving the point that they meet societal demands on decarbonization. The EU has integrated clean energy as a fundamental aspect of its bilateral relations with Azerbaijan (European Commission, 2022). Those also align with the EU projects such as REPowerEU, which is an opportunity for Azerbaijan to deepen its engagement with the EU on renewable energy and accelerate its transition towards a cleaner and more sustainable energy future. The recent signing of a Memorandum of Understanding with EU wind companies signifies a stride forward. The export of green energy is poised to sustain Azerbaijan’s relevance as an energy exporter beyond 2040 when existing long-term gas supply contracts are set to expire.
Moreover, since as the part of decarbonization plan, the national oil and gas companies are planning to employ CCS, like any other technology or decision, they need government support and political commitment at least until the technology develops not only in the sense of numerous industrial changes or agreements but also to foster societal support. Both because of public skepticism and the industry’s failure to effectively communicate its decarbonization plans, there is a huge backlash for the oil and gas sector (Berns et al, 2019). As well as many are skeptical about CCS as a climate mitigation tool, basing their arguments on high costs and uncertainties about the safety of carbon storage. As Fattouh et al. say critics argue that CCS might perpetuate reliance on fossil fuels and hinder the adoption of cleaner technologies (2021). Some go further and advocate for prioritizing natural carbon sinks over CCS technologies.
Changes in Industry
The EU’s continued demand for gas, both for power generation and industrial applications, underscores the relevance of the SGC as a crucial source of energy supply. Azerbaijan has substantial gas reserves as well as the existing infrastructure for gas transportation to the EU. However, in light of global actions to transition towards cleaner energy sources, Azerbaijan also faces the imperative to adopt more sustainable practices. In the context of the SGC, the integration of CCS technology and the production of blue and green hydrogen present significant opportunities for aligning with the evolving energy landscape and addressing sustainability concerns.
First, concerning resource availability, Shah Deniz Deep, Absheron Stage 1 and 2, ACG Deep, and Ümid are part of production portfolios managed by international consortia, with Ümid being developed by SOCAR.
Gas Remaining for the Domestic Market vs. Gas Consumption
Source: Rzayeva (2023)
Meanwhile, the SGC has the following capacity, which is only planned to increase.
The Expansion of the SGC segments. Source: Rzayeva (2023).
According to the Ministry of Energy of Azerbaijan, aligning with the societal and political demands for energy exports, Azerbaijan has started heavily investing in renewables such as wind and solar, attracting millions of foreign investments. As well as the technical potential for renewable energy, offshore specifically is 157 GW, among which wind and solar energy take the leading positions. Azerbaijan’s potential for implementing CCS technology within the oil and gas sector is a critical aspect of this transition. The country’s involvement in international consortia, such as the Shah Deniz Deep and Absheron projects, offers opportunities for integrating CCS into gas production processes (Rzayeva, 2023). CCS technology, by capturing and storing carbon dioxide emissions from natural gas combustion (IEA, 2024), can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, aligning with both EU and global sustainability goals.
Azerbaijan’s oil and gas sector presents the opportunity for CCS implementation. The country has substantial hydrocarbon reserves, which are expected to continue playing a significant role in its energy mix for the foreseeable future. Meanwhile, to mitigate its environmental impact CCS deployment is an attractive option. Since the government has shown its commitment to sustainability, by leveraging these strengths, Azerbaijan can effectively implement CCS technology to capture and store carbon emissions from its oil and gas operations, thereby reducing its carbon footprint and contributing to global climate goals. The economic feasibility of CCS relies on various factors, which include capital costs, operational expenses, and market demand. While CCS technologies have advanced in recent years, they still require substantial upfront investments and operational costs.
Hydrogen Production
Similarly, hydrogen production requires significant investment in infrastructure and may face competition from conventional fossil fuels. However, as global efforts to decarbonize increase and demand for clean energy rises, the hydrogen market (especially for Azerbaijan) is expected to grow. Azerbaijan can leverage its abundant natural gas reserves to produce blue hydrogen. The offshore expertise collected over several decades by the oil and gas industries is the key to supporting the offshore wind industry. Repurposing existing offshore infrastructure can facilitate the efficient transition to offshore renewable energy technologies.
Blue hydrogen production, which involves using natural gas as a feedstock and capturing the resulting CO2 emissions through CCS (IRENA, 2021), offers a promising pathway towards decarburization in the SGC to adapt to changing market dynamics. As a major gas producer in the region, Azerbaijan can greatly benefit from the development of blue hydrogen as an alternative energy carrier. By using CCS with hydrogen production, it can produce clean hydrogen while decreasing emissions from gas operations at the same time. Moreover, blue hydrogen production presents new economic opportunities, including export potential and diversification of the energy portfolio, further reinforcing Azerbaijan’s role as a key player in the global energy market.
About the author:
Zhuldyz Ramazanova
Zhuldyz Ramazanova – IFIMES, Information Officer Transport and Energy Corridors In-house specialist.
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