The Embassy of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay marked his country’s Independence Day with a grand and festive reception. Held on August 27 at the Leonardo Royal Hotel in The Hague, the event drew over 200 distinguished guests from various sectors of Dutch society.
Ambassadors, chiefs of international missions, diplomats, academics, business leaders, and representatives from the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, along with members of the Uruguayan community, all responded to H.E. Ambassador Dr. Álvaro González Otero’s invitation to celebrate ‘Día de la Independencia’—Uruguay’s National Day, commemorating its independence from Brazil in 1825.
H.E. Dr. Álvaro González Otero, Ambassador of Uruguay. National Day 2024 The Hague.
After nearly 200 years of conflict and civil unrest under Spanish and then Brazilian rule, Uruguay has emerged as a country renowned for its welcoming people, stunning landscapes, first-class meat production, and high-quality wine. In recent decades, Uruguayans have enjoyed a stable democracy, a steady improvement in living conditions, and overall well-being.
In a packed room with an animated audience, Ambassador González Otero took the microphone to thank all the attendees for their sincere affection for his people and country. He then proudly expressed:
“Two years have quickly passed since I arrived in this lovely kingdom. Since then, we have started to shift the focus of the Embassy, placing more emphasis on our bilateral relations. The Netherlands and Uruguay have more in common than people might imagine. We share international principles, landscapes, agricultural production, developed services, qualified exports, and a progressive lifestyle.
We also share strong commitments to the well-being of our citizens and visitors, the protection of human rights, environmental sustainability, progressive social policies, and significant efforts towards renewable energy and climate action. Both countries also emphasize education, democratic governance, and active participation in international organizations promoting peace and development. So, we will keep working to boost our bilateral relations.”
Uruguay National Day, August 27 at the Leonardo Royal Hotel in The Hague.
Ambassador González Otero then listed some of the most relevant initiatives undertaken by the Embassy over the last few months:
– Uruguayan participation in the World Hydrogen Summit 2024: Led by the Minister of Industry, Energy, and Mining, Ms. Elisa Facio, with over 50 representatives from various sectors of the public and private sectors.
– Active participation in the “26th World Energy Congress.”
– Cooperation Project with Delft Institute for Water Education: Since 2011, Uruguayan professionals specializing in water resources have participated in the Delft Institute program for advanced training. Initially, the program began with 40 scholarships, resulting in 37 professionals successfully completing their studies. This early success led to the program’s relocation and implementation at the Technological University of Uruguay, now featuring regional participation. The program has since had two new editions in 2022 and 2024, expanding to include 17 professionals from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, and Peru. This development has transformed Uruguay into a regional hub in the field of water resource education.
– Uruguay’s status as one of the 32 signing states of the Ljubljana – The Hague Convention in February 2024.
– Positioning Uruguay as a potential living and working destination for Dutch farmers.
– Interactions with RVO and Port of Rotterdam related to port cooperation.
– Exploring and initiating new cooperation projects with Westland Municipality and Wageningen University.
– Meetings with private sector actors related to agribusiness.
– Preparation for the Capitan Miranda’s visit to Amsterdam: Uruguay’s school tall ship has already confirmed its participation in Sail Amsterdam 2025.
– Multilateral achievements: The Embassy has made progress in multilateral areas, including ongoing contributions and work with international organizations based in The Hague: the ICJ, ICC, OPCW, HCCH, and the Permanent Court of Arbitration. Additionally, a closer relationship with The Hague Academy of International Law has been pursued. Significant advances have also been made through the coordinated work of the GRULAC Group in relation to various international organizations.
H.E. Mr. Fernando Arias, OPCW Director General , Ambassador Gonzalez Otero and Mr Arias spouse, Patricia van Oordt.
Following his remarks, Ambassador González Otero invited the audience to watch a short video about Uruguay, which made a great impression on those present. He expressed, “Uruguay is an exceptional country that has developed a dynamic and robust culture, shaped by a fascinating blend of gaucho traditions, European influences, and the unique Rioplatense spirit. Tango, folklore, candombe, and milonga are examples of its rich artistic musical expression. Uruguayan gastronomy, featuring high-quality meat, wine, and dairy products, especially the beloved ‘dulce de leche,’ delights palates and consistently wins prestigious awards worldwide.”
“The work we have done does not mean we are satisfied; we want to continue advancing in a deeper process. The bilateral relationship is already strong, but the potential to strengthen bonds in several key areas is even greater.”
The Ambassador of Uruguay, H.E. Alvaro Gonzalez Otero and the President of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, Judge Graciela Gatti Santana with her husband Mr Gustavo Segovia.
The event was conceived to showcase the rich and diverse culture of Uruguay, a nation with a population of approximately 3,495,527 as of 2022.
The national anthems of Uruguay and the Netherlands were performed by the Uruguayan opera singer Sara de los Campos. After the ambassador’s speech, the Embassy paid tribute to two influential musicians: José “El Sabalero” Carbajal and Jaime Roos, who both lived in the Netherlands. Jaime Roos settled in Amsterdam in 1978, where he played bass in several salsa, rock, and jazz groups. He had a son and remained in the Netherlands until 1984 when he returned to Uruguay.
Carbajal spent his days in the Netherlands with his wife, Anke van Haastrecht, and their two children. Anke was invited to share some special stories from their life together.
Uruguayan opera singer Sara de los Campos.Uruguayan drummers Luis Gradin, Marcelo Terra, and Nicolás Sánchez.
The enthusiastic audience enjoyed an authentic performance by talented Uruguayan drummers Luis Gradin, Marcelo Terra, and Nicolás Sánchez. The celebration continued with Uruguayan wine, classic savory empanadas, and dulce de leche, which delighted the crowded room and completed the great celebration.
Ambassador González Otero concluded the event by thanking his Embassy team: Counselor Pablo Bayarres, Chancellor Gustavo Morales, his assistant Juan Diego, and Martha Hernández and Sofía Anastasiou. He then led a warm toast for the people of the Netherlands, Uruguay, and the necessary and desired peace in the world.
International relations are nowadays characterised by major changes that started at the end of the 80s with the fall of the Berlin Wall. Indeed, the end of the cold war was marked by the dislocation of the two main political blocks, namely the Soviet Union and the Western World. Such a dislocation resulted in the marginalization of the post-war multilateral system embodied in the United Nations, and the standstill of the multilateral trade negotiations in the late 90s in the context of the World Trade Organisation. New lines of political thought have been facing each other since then, while reshaping the post-cold war world in a number of fragmented and variable sub-blocks of countries.
The United States decided to put itself first by concentrating on its internal affairs, while withdrawing from international affairs.
Europe, the old continent, looks for an efficient strategy towards autonomy from the United States. Europe also tries, not without difficulty, to create a more cohesive internal and external political approach. The reality is however evolving rather more towards fragmentation of Europe in favour of European National fragmented interests. Such a fragmentation is the natural consequence of the decadence of the European Institutional and collective actions to the advantage of individual Sates actions and interests. In sum, what seemed to be a structured and coherent European Union block fighting for the promotion of its economic and political values all over the world has somehow become an alliance at variable geometry both internally and externally. The disorganisation of the leadership results in a chaotic and unpredictable European External and Internal action.
Thereof, the empty influence spaces left on the international relations scene has given new international actors the opportunity to emerge.
Meanwhile, the fragmentation of the European Institutions has also impacted the EU-USA relations within NATO, and affected the security and peace sphere. Security issues have been on and off on the European agenda.
In this context, Russia that has lost its empire in the 80s looks now for a new power game. In spite of the disruption of the Soviet Union, Russia attempts either by influence or by force to exercise power in its ancient affiliate countries. Russia that was supposed to be defeated with the fall of the Berlin Wall takes back its role of opponent to the Western World on the international scene at least as it concerns the international affairs philosophy. Thus, creating a tension aimed at restoring its power in the world.
The group of emerging and developing economies that constitute a new variable block with a large portion of population employed in agriculture have emerged as new actors in the world’s geo-political discourses. At the head of this block on the international scene, there is China. The shaky international leadership context has indeed given China a new space. China’s communist past combined with its market-based economic strategy gives it a particular position.
China is The One that can communicate to Russia. China is also The One that can have an influence on the Western economic and political scene as China owns a big part of Western Foreign Debt
China embeds a horizontal strategy in both its trade and development policies, while producing at low wages. Its production system coupled with its pragmatic political approach has reshaped the international power structure. The top-down approach of the Western World faces now the competition created by the horizontal win-win approach proposed by China in both developing and industrialized countries.
Indeed, as a result of the decline of the Western World global hegemony based on market access and economic and social liberalism as a means to ensure economic growth and promote economic development, the vision promoted by China’s discourse, centred on the protection of livelihoods and local sovereign choices finds new adepts. Furthermore, China has successfully attempted to promote a trade-off approach to international cooperation during the last 20 years. A cooperation that does not interfere in internal affairs of partner countries as it has often reproached to the Western countries involved in international cooperation.
As the developing countries leader, China positions itself as the spoke country for the poor. As a new world powerful economic actor China plays as the guarantor of the Western Economic stability. China positions itself as the bridge between the rich and the poor. It is representing a different hegemonic game that only changes in its discourse, while still pursuing its own interests and influence zones. Such a situation poses the question of the values that the international regime wants to embrace. Indeed, this changing world results in an increased number of conflicts – be new or historical conflicts.
The dislocation of the traditional leaders of the international relations has definitely created a chaotic and unpredictable scenario. Chaos has in some cases been chosen as a political strategy to disrupt the post-1945 international regime. Such a disruption has benefitted new actors, and given space to new lines of thought. These new lines of thought have attacked the existing international framework but has not yet succeeded in creating a new regime. The increasing unbalance of power and the lack of leadership on the international political scene is risky.
The reduction by choice of leadership of the United States has indeed resulted in the weakening of the values emerged as a result of the dramatic experience of Second World War, namely freedom of thought and freedom of speech to mention only a few. We are now facing a much more authoritarian world with force used as a means to manage the political arena. Dialogue seems to be a rather consuming exercise that has left its place to the use of force. Force is no longer seen as the last option but rather the opening act for political dialogue. Nationalism and individual interests are now at the centre of the political game. This trend is taking the world to instability and conflict.
The peoples of the world are more and more questioning the existing system. People’s needs and expectations are not met. The new emerged actors, such as China have given the hope of a possible change in the present international system without fundamentally questioning its rationale but rather trying to rip a slate of the cake.
The struggle for influence among countries has not succeeded in building a peaceful and stable world. Citizens will have to face the challenge of building a new era of peace and stability worldwide.
S.E. M. Philippe Couvreur est arrivé à La Haye en avril 1982, où il a d’abord occupé le poste d’assistant spécial aux bureaux du greffier et du greffier adjoint de la Cour internationale de Justice.
Il a ensuite exercé les fonctions de Secrétaire, Premier Secrétaire et Secrétaire juridique principal, avant d’être élu Greffier de la Cour en 2000, et réélu en 2007 et 2014.
Pour marquer l’anniversaire de ses débuts à la Cour, il y a 35 ans, Diplomat Magazine l’a invité à témoigner de son expérience unique au service de cette institution, des évolutions qu’il a pu y observer, et à partager le regard qu’il porte sur les changements qui ont marqué la Cour et La Haye au cours des trois dernières décennies.
Philippe Couvreur avec le Pape Jean-Paul II prise le 13 mai 1985.
Je suis arrivé à La Haye en avril 1982 — de façon aussi inattendue que j’avais entamé des études de droit treize ans auparavant (mais c’est là une autre histoire…) — pour occuper un poste temporaire à la Cour internationale de Justice. La Cour était alors la seule institution judiciaire internationale existante au plan universel.
Son activité, particulièrement faible à la fin des années 1970, ne pouvait en ce temps-là guère laisser présager du succès que rencontrerait la Cour dans les décennies à venir. Mon bienveillant maître de Louvain, le professeur Paul de Visscher, fils du célèbre internationaliste Charles de Visscher, unique juge belge à la Cour, m’avait prédit des jours aussi sereins qu’heureux, écoulés à lire et à écrire des ouvrages dans la solitude des imposants murs de la bibliothèque du Palais de la Paix…
Les mémoires ont été dûment déposés dans l’affaire El Salvador c. Honduras dans la salle Bol le 1 juin 1988, l’affaire du Différend frontalier terrestre, insulaire et maritime.
En rejoignant la Cour, un frais matin d’avril, dont je garde un souvenir très précis, le jeune juriste que j’étais découvrit, non sans étonnement, une organisation de taille très modeste, le Greffe, qui en est l’organe administratif, alors composé de moins d’une quarantaine de fonctionnaires. Le fonctionnement de la Cour reposait entièrement sur cette équipe restreinte de personnel permanent, auquel s’ajoutait, selon que de besoin, un personnel temporaire pour faire face au surcroît de travaux linguistiques et de sténodactylographie lors des sessions (publiques et privées) de la Cour.
Je me rappelle avoir été frappé par la personnalité haute en couleur de certains de ces traducteurs indépendants, dont la grande culture littéraire m’émerveillait. Cette structure très économique du Greffe impliquait une grande polyvalence de ses membres, et les Secrétaires de la Cour — ses fonctionnaires supérieurs — étaient appelés, en sus de leurs travaux de recherches juridiques, de préparation des documents de la Cour, et de rédaction de la correspondance diplomatique, à assumer eux-mêmes l’essentiel des tâches linguistiques (traduction et interprétation) et d’information, ainsi que la supervision de nombreuses activités administratives et logistiques.
La Grande salle de Justice, l’affaire Relative au Timor Oriental (Portugal c. Australie) Arrêt du 30 juin 1995.
Il n’était nullement rare qu’un nouveau venu comme moi ait à passer week-ends et nuits blanches au Palais de la Paix à effectuer les travaux les plus divers… allant jusqu’à imprimer et polycopier, sur de vieilles machines à stencils ronéotype, des décisions dont la Cour devait donner la lecture en séance publique le lendemain !
Dès mon arrivée au Greffe, j’ai eu le bonheur et le privilège d’être initié et associé à l’ensemble des fonctions de l’institution sous la patiente supervision de personnalités d’exception, tels que MM. Torres Bernárdez et Pillepich, alors respectivement Greffier et Greffier adjoint. J’en ai retiré le plus grand bénéfice, puisque cette immersion sans préparation dans toutes les facettes de l’activité du Greffe m’a permis d’acquérir de ce dernier une connaissance unique — de l’intérieur — et sous tous ses aspects —, un acquis particulièrement précieux au moment où j’ai été amené, bien des années plus tard, à assumer la délicate responsabilité d’en assurer la gestion au plus haut niveau.
Devenir un fonctionnaire du Greffe au début des années 1980 signifiait accepter de se couler sans discussion dans un moule à tous égards exigeant, et se donner corps et âme, avec humilité et discrétion, à l’institution, sans penser à soi ni parler de soi.
Depuis ces années d’initiation, j’ai été le témoin de profondes transformations de la Cour, rendues inévitables à la fois pour répondre à l’accroissement considérable de ses activités, avec la disparition du monde bipolaire qui avait relégué le règlement judiciaire à un rôle quelque peu marginal, et pour saisir les opportunités nouvelles offertes, notamment, par le progrès des technologies et de la communication. Entre 1982 et aujourd’hui, le nombre de fonctionnaires a ainsi presque triplé (il a quasiment doublé depuis l’an 2000, année de ma première élection en tant que Greffier). L’organisation du travail a été progressivement spécialisée entre les divers départements, juridique, linguistique et chargé de l’information, qui furent créés en 1997, et les services techniques. Par ailleurs, les Membres de la Cour ne disposèrent pas, pendant longtemps, de « référendaires » — ils s’y sont d’ailleurs longtemps refusés—, et l’assistance apportée aux juges en matière judiciaire était principalement répartie entre les fonctionnaires du Département des affaires juridiques.
H.E. Philippe Couvreur avec la Reine Beatrix photo prise pendant le 50 eme anniversaire de la Cour (18-04-1996).
Les cinq premiers postes de juristes référendaires ne furent obtenus de l’Assemblée générale et créés qu’en 2002, à l’issue de difficiles négociations que je me souviens avoir menées avec beaucoup de plaisir et d’intérêt ; le nombre de ces postes s’est progressivement accru, pour s’élever à quinze aujourd’hui.
Les divers développements qui ont marqué le monde au cours des dernières décennies n’ont pas manqué de soulever pour la Cour de nouveaux défis. Comme c’est le cas pour toute institution, elle n’a pu les relever en faisant table rase des enseignements de son histoire ni, à l’inverse, en ne saisissant pas toutes les opportunités offertes par le temps présent. A ces différents égards, la Cour est certainement parvenue, au fil des ans, à assurer un équilibre, toujours délicat, entre changements et continuité.
La continuité de la Cour est bien sûr inscrite dans son Statut, qui fait partie intégrante de la Charte des Nations Unies, et reflétée dans ses méthodes judiciaires, qui ont été très largement élaborées par sa devancière, la Cour permanente de Justice internationale, et héritées d’elle. Cette continuité historique était particulièrement présente lorsque j’ai rejoint le Greffe.
Ainsi, en manière d’anecdote, divers hauts fonctionnaires alors en poste avaient eux-mêmes côtoyé, au début de leur carrière, d’anciens fonctionnaires de la Cour permanente. Tous nourrissaient à l’égard de cette dernière le plus grand respect. Il régnait d’ailleurs dans les couloirs du Palais de la Paix une atmosphère feutrée et délicieusement surannée, évocatrice de la défunte Société des Nations. Je me souviens en avoir encore utilisé maintes fournitures de bureau !
La continuité jurisprudentielle et procédurale entre les deux Cours constitue pour les Etats une garantie importante de sécurité et de prévisibilité juridiques. Cette continuité, juridique et historique, de même que l’expérience accumulée en plus de quatre-vingt-dix ans d’exercice de la fonction judiciaire, sont pour la Cour un facteur crucial de légitimité.
H.E. Philippe Couvreur vec le Roi Willem-Alexander photo prise pendant le 70 eme anniversaire de la Cour (20-04-2016).
En même temps, la Cour a eu, à l’évidence, à s’adapter aux changements du monde réel dans lequel elle opère, comme aux nécessités et opportunités nouvelles de chaque époque traversée.
L’une des transformations notoires auxquelles j’ai assisté fut l’ouverture croissante de la Cour sur l’extérieur : longtemps à l’écart, à dessein, des organes politiques des Nations Unies, la Cour a souhaité se faire plus et mieux entendre de ces organes et des Etats membres. Elle a ainsi rompu avec ce qui était parfois perçu comme un « splendide isolement » au sein des Nations Unies, même si elle défend toujours jalousement son autonomie. La Cour doit en outre désormais également tenir compte des nombreuses autres juridictions, internationales ou régionales, qui ont été créées ces dernières années, et veiller, autant que possible, à assurer l’harmonie du « concert judiciaire » que permet ce foisonnement de cours et tribunaux sur la scène internationale.
Davantage ouverte sur la communauté internationale et ses réalités, la Cour s’est montrée de plus en plus attentive, non seulement à sa place dans l’Organisation des Nations Unies, mais aussi à la poursuite des objectifs de celle-ci et à sa mission propre au service du règlement pacifique des différends internationaux. Des différends de plus en plus complexes, tant juridiquement que factuellement, en même temps que politiquement plus denses, lui ont été soumis. En révisant constamment, selon que de besoin, ses méthodes de travail, elle a su les résoudre rapidement et efficacement, à un coût particulièrement modeste pour la communauté internationale, tout en assurant le développement du droit.
Enfin, pour conclure sur une note plus prosaïque, mais qui est loin d’être négligeable, je ne peux taire la chance que j’ai eue de connaître l’extraordinaire développement de la ville de La Haye au cours des 35 dernières années. Celle-ci offre aujourd’hui à la Cour, comme aux nombreuses institutions internationales qui s’y sont installées à sa suite, une qualité de vie et un cadre de travail uniques, qui sont très loin de ressembler à ce que j’ai trouvé en y arrivant.
A l’image de l’imposante stature du Palais de la Paix où elle siège, symbole mondialement connu de la justice internationale, la Cour est une institution solidement établie. En dépit des périodes de doute ou de désaffection qu’elle a traversées par le passé, son rôle est unanimement salué au sein de la communauté internationale et le recours à ses services par les Etats n’a jamais été aussi soutenu. 35 ans après, je continue de mesurer chaque jour le privilège qui est le mien de servir au mieux de mes capacités l’organe judiciaire principal des Nations Unies.
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Les photos dans l’article sont une courtoisie de la Cour International de Justice.
More than 400 worshippers gathered at Our Saviour Church in The Hague on 12 July for a Eucharistic celebration in memory of the victims of the devastating earthquakes that struck Venezuela on 24 June 2026. The Mass was organized by H.E. Dr. Héctor Constant Rosales, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to the OPCW and other international organizations and tribunals in the Netherlands, together with the team of the Permanent Mission.
The commemorative service brought together members of the Diplomatic Corps accredited to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, representatives of international organizations based in The Hague, solidarity groups, friends of Venezuela, and members of the wider community.
Venezuelan Community and Diplomatic Corps Gather in The Hague to Honour Earthquake Victims.
The Eucharistic celebration was officiated by Father Sjaak de Boer, who delivered a moving homily dedicated to the victims, their families, and all those affected by the disaster, while offering a message of hope and solidarity to the Venezuelan people.
During the ceremony, Ambassador Constant Rosales was invited to light a candle in memory of the victims, followed by a minute of silence observed by the congregation. At the conclusion of the Mass, he expressed his gratitude for the many messages of support received from the international community and reaffirmed his confidence that Venezuela would overcome this difficult period. He also emphasized that all peoples deserve to live in peace and prosperity.
During Holy Communion, images of Our Lady of Coromoto, Patroness of Venezuela, Saint José Gregorio Hernández, and Saint Carmen Rendiles were projected, while Venezuelan melodies performed by Maestro Martín “El Guaca” Mayo accompanied the solemn moment.
Our Saviour Church is home to approximately 1,700 registered families representing nearly 97 nationalities, reflecting the international spirit of solidarity that marked the celebration.
International Solidarity and Appeal for Reconstruction
Following the earthquakes, the Permanent Mission of Venezuela expressed its heartfelt appreciation for the many expressions of solidarity received from governments, international organizations, rescue teams, private initiatives, and friends of Venezuela around the world.
International rescue brigades and humanitarian assistance have complemented the tireless efforts of Venezuelans working on relief operations and supporting affected communities.
To assist ongoing emergency response and long-term reconstruction efforts, the Venezuelan Mission has encouraged those wishing to contribute to make voluntary financial donations through a dedicated account managed by the Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean (CAF).
Ambassador Constant Rosales noted that every contribution, regardless of its size, represents a meaningful act of solidarity that can help rebuild communities and restore hope to those affected by the disaster.
The Permanent Mission expressed its sincere gratitude to all who have extended their support, reaffirming that the friendship and generosity of the international community continue to make a significant difference during this challenging time.
Venezuela Recovery and Reconstruction Fund
Beneficiary: Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean (CAF)
Account Number: 30096066
Beneficiary Bank: Mercantil Banco S.A. Panama City, Panama
Interview with Dr. Blas Regnault by Neirlay Andrade for Tribuna Popular, Venezuela.
The recent reform of Venezuela’s Organic Hydrocarbons Law represents far more than a technical modification of the country’s oil regulatory framework. According to sociologist and energy market researcher Dr. Blas Regnault, the reform substantially reduces the Venezuelan nation’s share of the wealth generated by its oil resources, with direct consequences for the country’s ability to finance healthcare, education, infrastructure, and social programmes.
Speaking during the forum “The New Hydrocarbons Law: What Venezuelans Lose,” organized by Grupo La Petrolia, Corriente Comunes, Plataforma Ciudadana en Defensa de la Constitución, Bloque Histórico Popular, and the Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV), Regnault argued that the reform deepens a process that weakens national sovereignty over the country’s strategic energy resources.
Oil as National Heritage
Regnault recalled that for more than a century, oil has been a cornerstone of Venezuela’s economic and political development. For this reason, he argued that the debate surrounding the reform should be approached from a national perspective rather than a purely commercial one.
“What is at stake is the dismantling of the Venezuelan nation as an economic actor,” he said.
Historically, he explained, the nation’s participation in oil revenues has been secured through three principal mechanisms: royalties, taxes, and dividends derived from the State’s ownership stake in the oil industry.
Royalties represent compensation paid to the nation as the owner of the country’s oil reserves. Taxes reflect the sovereign right of the State to tax economic activity, while dividends arise from the participation of the State-owned oil company, Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA), and joint ventures.
“These are three distinct mechanisms, each with different legal and social foundations, that ensure a significant portion of the country’s oil wealth remains in Venezuela,” he explained.
Lower Royalties
One of Regnault’s principal concerns is the greater flexibility introduced into the royalty system.
He stressed that royalties should not be regarded as a production cost—as frequently argued by some government and industry representatives—but rather as compensation owed to the owner of the natural resource.
“Royalties are paid before wages, profits, or taxes. They recognize the nation’s ownership rights over the subsoil,” he stated.
According to calculations presented during the forum, the new legislation allows royalties to be reduced to extremely low levels and, under certain contractual arrangements, even to zero.
As an illustration, Regnault explained that with oil selling at US$86 per barrel, a 30 percent royalty would generate approximately US$25.80 per barrel for the nation. At a royalty rate of just 5 percent, government income would fall to approximately US$4.30 per barrel.
“We are talking about an enormous loss of public revenue without any change in oil prices or production levels,” he said.
Billions of Dollars Less for the Country
Using oil marketing data from the first quarter of 2026, Regnault estimated that Venezuela’s oil industry generated approximately US$9 billion in just three months.
Under the legal framework that existed before the reform—with a 30 percent royalty, petroleum taxes, and significant State participation in joint ventures—the public sector would have received approximately US$5.535 billion, representing more than 60 percent of total oil income.
Under the mechanisms established by the new law, however, the State’s share could fall to approximately US$1.576 billion, or just 17.5 percent of total revenues.
The difference exceeds US$3.9 billion in a single quarter.
“This represents a severe contraction in the share of oil income that remains in the hands of the nation,” he warned.
Fewer Resources for Healthcare and Education
According to Regnault, the consequences extend well beyond accounting figures.
He argued that the revenues no longer captured by the State could otherwise finance hospitals, schools, drinking water systems, and social programmes.
“We are talking about resources sufficient to finance dozens of hospitals or hundreds of thousands of classrooms,” he said.
In his view, the reform weakens the Venezuelan State’s future capacity to meet the population’s essential needs while increasing dependence on both domestic and foreign private interests.
Greater Executive Discretion, Less Democratic Oversight
Another concern raised by Regnault is the expansion of discretionary powers granted to the Executive Branch in oil policy.
He argued that the new legislation weakens institutional oversight mechanisms while reducing parliamentary and public supervision over strategic decisions concerning Venezuela’s hydrocarbon resources.
“National oil policy cannot depend exclusively on decisions made by the Executive Branch. That is dangerous both for the Venezuelan people and for investors themselves,” he stated.
In his assessment, the reform consolidates a model characterized by greater opacity and weaker accountability.
Transparency and Public Oversight
To address these concerns, Regnault proposed a comprehensive agenda for greater transparency within the oil sector.
Among the measures he recommended are the publication of information regarding actual oil sale prices, discounts granted, royalty rates, taxes paid, contracts awarded, investment commitments, and the final allocation of public revenues.
“Without transparency, there can be no meaningful public oversight,” he said.
He also called for the restoration of stable legal rules approved through democratic institutions and for stronger citizen participation in supervising Venezuela’s oil industry.
The Social Legitimacy of Oil Wealth
Regnault concluded that the long-term political sustainability of Venezuela’s oil industry depends on whether citizens perceive tangible benefits from the country’s hydrocarbon resources.
“Venezuelans have always understood that when oil prices rise, the country’s revenues increase. If that relationship disappears, so too does the social legitimacy of oil production,” he said.
For that reason, he argued that the debate over the reform should not be confined to corporate or financial considerations. Instead, it should focus on a more fundamental question: how much of Venezuela’s oil wealth will continue to belong to the nation, and how much will ultimately pass into private hands.
According to Regnault, this is the true significance of the reform introduced through the new Organic Hydrocarbons Law, and the reason why, in his view, the Venezuelan people stand to lose the most.
Editorial Note: The views and opinions expressed in this interview are solely those of Dr. Blas Regnault and do not necessarily reflect the views of Diplomat Magazine. This interview was originally conducted by Neirlay Andrade for Tribuna Popular in Venezuela and is republished in English for the information of our international readership.
Following the continued success of its previous editions, Hilton The Hague’s Blue Blood restaurant will host the eighth edition of the Peruvian Food Festival on Friday, 24 July, once again under the direction of Peruvian Chef de Cuisine Luis Rojas.
The real secret behind Blue Blood’s culinary reputation is Chef Rojas himself. Originally from Peru, he trained in Lima and at the prestigious Le Cordon Bleu, an institution recognized as one of Latin America’s leading culinary schools. His career has taken him around the world, including Abu Dhabi, before bringing his expertise to The Hague, where he continues to introduce guests to the richness and diversity of Peruvian gastronomy.
This year’s festival presents a new edition of Peru’s internationally acclaimed cuisine through an extensive buffet featuring traditional dishes prepared with authentic ingredients and contemporary techniques. Guests will also enjoy live music and a festive atmosphere that reflects the warmth and hospitality of Peru.
Adding an interactive element to the evening, Chef Rojas will lead an exclusive “Make Your Own Ceviche” workshop, offering participants the opportunity to learn the authentic preparation of Peru’s iconic national dish.
Chef Luis Rojas at Hilton The Hague.
Chef Rojas has recently been awarded the Authentic Peruvian Cuisine Certification, recognizing his commitment to preserving and promoting the genuine flavors and culinary traditions of Peru. “Peruvian cuisine is a meeting point of history, culture, and biodiversity,” says Chef Rojas. “Through this festival, I hope every guest discovers not only our food but also the spirit of Peru.”
The Peruvian Food Festival – 8th Edition will take place at Blue Blood Restaurant, Hilton The Hague, on Friday, 24 July, with seatings at 18:00 and 20:30. The price is €69.50 per person.
More than a dinner, the festival offers an opportunity to experience one of the world’s most celebrated cuisines through the creativity and expertise of one of Peru’s distinguished chefs.
Theme: “Amazing Thailand: Creative Life and Creative Heartbeat”
By Roy Lie Atjam
The Hague, 4 July 2026 – This year’s Thai Grand Festival transformed the streets of The Hague into a lively showcase of Thai culture, bringing together hundreds of visitors eager to experience Thailand’s rich heritage, renowned cuisine, and captivating performances. The atmosphere was filled with laughter, traditional Thai music, and a warm sense of celebration.
Colourful dance performances and cultural presentations delighted the audience, offering an engaging experience that highlighted Thailand’s cultural traditions while promoting cultural diplomacy.
Recognised as Thailand’s largest annual family event in The Hague, the Thai Grand Festival (TGF) has become a valued tradition over the past decade.
It reflects the strong presence of the Thai community in the Netherlands and serves as an important platform for promoting mutual understanding and cultural exchange between the peoples of Thailand and the Netherlands.
The spirit of the festival was beautifully captured in a collection of photographs that showcase the warmth and enthusiasm of the celebration.
More than a cultural event, the Thai Grand Festival brings together families, friends, and visitors in a shared celebration of tradition, friendship, and community.
H.E. Ambassador Asi Mamanee made the following remarks. “Don’t miss our Exhibition on Chud Thai or Thai national costume, presented in tribute to Her Majesty Queen Sirikit, The Queen Mother, whose lifelong dedication has preserved Thailand’s rich textile heritage. Thailand has nominated Chud Thai for inscription on UNESCO’s List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity this year.
I also want to introduce our festival mascot. He is a smiley destination pin. He carries an invitation: to pin your heart to Thailand, as your next bucket-list destination.
Earlier, I talked about connection. I am very pleased to inform you that this year is very special as we celebrate the return of Thai Airways International’s daily direct flights between Amsterdam and Bangkok, starting from 1st of July.
The Netherlands is one of Thailand’s top European visitor markets, and with the direct service from our national carrier, Thai Airways, we hope to welcome more Dutch travellers in the years ahead.The Thai Grand Festival (TGF) is more than just an event; it’s a joyous celebration of culture, connection, and the love of community that everyone can enjoy!
It is now my great pleasure to declare the Thailand Grand Festival 2026 officially open.”
The Embassy of the Republic of South Africa in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, led by H.E. Mr. Vusi Madonsela, hosted an elegant National Day Reception at the Marriott Hotel in The Hague, overlooking the iconic Nelson Mandela Statue.
The reception brought together members of the diplomatic corps, representatives of the Dutch Government, the South African community, partners from academia, business, arts and culture, and friends of South Africa. Among the distinguished guests were His Grace Dr. Thabo Makgoba, Archbishop of Cape Town, and Ms Trudie Koning, the renowned Dutch anti-apartheid activist who was awarded the Order of the Companions of O.R. Tambo in Silver by President Cyril Ramaphosa.
Although South Africa’s National Day is celebrated annually on 27 April, commemorating the country’s first democratic elections in 1994, this year’s reception was held during Youth Month, which also marked the 50th anniversary of the Soweto Uprising of 16 June 1976.
Ambassador Madonsela together with H.E. Ms. Mirjam Blaak, Ambassador of Uganda, Ambassador Madonsela together with H.E. Ms. Mirjam Blaak, Ambassador of Uganda, H.E. Ambassador Lizeth N. Satumbo Pena, Ambassador of the Republic of Angola, H.E. Mr. Mohamed Basri, Ambassador of Morocco and the Charge d’affairs of Burundi, Mr. Stany Nuhizi .
In his keynote address, Ambassador Madonsela reflected on two defining milestones in South Africa’s democratic history: the 50th anniversary of the Soweto Uprising and the 30th anniversary of the adoption of South Africa’s Constitution.
Recalling the student-led protests of 1976, he paid tribute to the young people who sacrificed their lives in the struggle against apartheid.
“The theme ‘Reset @ 50 – The Future Calls’ reminds us that freedom requires continual effort. Every generation inherits both the achievements and responsibilities of its predecessors.”
The Ambassador noted that the country’s first democratic elections in 1994 fundamentally transformed South Africa and paved the way for the adoption of one of the world’s most progressive constitutions.
“Our Constitution is built on the values of human dignity, equality, freedom and the rule of law, serving as the foundation for a non-racial, non-sexist and inclusive society.”
While recognising significant progress over the past three decades, including expanded access to housing, education, healthcare and social protection, Ambassador Madonsela acknowledged that poverty, inequality and unemployment remain central challenges for the country.
Commitment to International Law and Multilateralism
Addressing international affairs, Ambassador Madonsela reaffirmed South Africa’s commitment to diplomacy, peaceful conflict resolution and the international rule of law.
“South Africa remains firmly committed to an international order founded on the United Nations Charter, international rule of law and the peaceful settlement of disputes.”
He also praised the work of the international institutions based in The Hague, including the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), for their contribution to accountability, disarmament and international peace.
The Ambassador further reflected on South Africa’s hosting of the 2025 G20 Summit in Johannesburg, the first G20 Leaders’ Summit held on African soil, which focused on solidarity, equality, sustainability and giving greater voice to developing countries.
Guests attending South Africa Day 2026 in The Hague.
A Growing Partnership with the Netherlands
Looking at bilateral relations, Ambassador Madonsela highlighted the strong and evolving partnership between South Africa and the Netherlands.
“The relationship between South Africa and the Kingdom of the Netherlands is strong, dynamic, and mutually beneficial, rooted in historical ties and a commitment to democratic values and human rights.”
He noted that cooperation continues to expand through the Joint Commission for Cooperation, covering areas including trade, agriculture, higher education, scientific research, green hydrogen, sustainable development and multilateral diplomacy.
Expressing confidence in the future of the relationship, the Ambassador thanked all institutions and individuals contributing to the growing partnership between the two countries.
The Hague Welcomes South Africa
The guests were also addressed by Jan van Zanen, Mayor of The Hague, who highlighted the longstanding relationship between South Africa and the international City of Peace and Justice. He underlined the close cooperation between the Municipality of The Hague and the South African Embassy, which continues to strengthen dialogue, mutual understanding and collaboration.
Ziyanda Buthelezi-Ngcobo, representing Netflix EMEA in Amsterdam.
Another highlight of the evening was the address by Ziyanda Buthelezi-Ngcobo, representing Netflix EMEA in Amsterdam. She spoke about Netflix’s continued investment in South African productions, emphasising storytelling in indigenous languages and the company’s commitment to bringing authentic South African stories, talent and cultural diversity to audiences worldwide.
The Embassy also acknowledged Singapi Mlulami, who served as Programme Director throughout the evening.
The reception concluded with a renewed appreciation for South Africa’s democratic journey and the enduring friendship between South Africa and the Netherlands. Ambassador Madonsela and his team were warmly congratulated for hosting a memorable celebration that reflected South Africa’s rich heritage, hospitality and commitment to international cooperation.
This year marks the 75th anniversary of diplomatic relations between the Principality of Monaco and the Federal Republic of Germany. While exchanges between the two countries date back much further, this milestone offers an opportunity to reflect on a partnership built on mutual respect, trust, and a shared commitment to international cooperation.
Different in size, geography and political structures, Monaco and Germany nevertheless share common values. Their close cooperation is rooted in a strong attachment to multilateralism, the rule of law and constructive international dialogue. At a time of growing geopolitical uncertainty, these principles remain more relevant than ever.
H.E. Aishath Shaan Shair (Ambassador of Maldives); H.E. Mafelile Molala (Ambassador of Lesotho); H.E. Isabelle Berro-Amadeï (Foreign Minister of Monaco); Lorenzo Ravano (host); H.E. Jorge Lemcke Arevalo (Ambassador of Guatemala); H.E. Francisco Quiroga (Ambassador of Mexico); H.E. Youngor Telewoda (Ambassador of Liberia); H.E. Veronika Wand-Danielsson (Ambassador of Sweden).
This anniversary has been highlighted by the recent visit to Berlin of H.E. Mrs Isabelle Berro-Amadeï, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Monaco, who met with the German Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs, Johann Wadephul. Their discussions reaffirmed the excellent political dialogue between the two countries and demonstrated a shared determination to further strengthen bilateral cooperation across a broad range of sectors, including European affairs, economic development, environmental protection, and scientific research.
Economic relations continue to represent an important dimension of the bilateral partnership. Germany is among Monaco’s principal trading partners, and both countries benefit from increasingly dynamic exchanges between their business communities. In this context, a German economic mission scheduled to take place in Monaco later this year, organised by the Bundesverband für Wirtschaftsförderung und Außenwirtschaft (BWA) in cooperation with the Monaco Economic Board (MEB), will provide new opportunities to foster investment, innovation, and commercial partnerships.
Europapark inauguration in presence of the Princely Family of Monaco.
Climate action and ocean conservation have also emerged as defining pillars of Monaco-Germany relations. Under the leadership of H.S.H. Prince Albert II, environmental diplomacy has become a cornerstone of Monaco’s international engagement. Germany shares this ambition, and cooperation increasingly encompasses scientific research, sustainable innovation, and marine protection.
The work carried out by the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation, particularly through its active German branch, together with renowned German research institutions, reflects this shared commitment. Collaborative initiatives such as the Malizia project, which combines high-level offshore sailing with cutting-edge oceanographic research, demonstrate how science, sport and environmental responsibility can successfully reinforce one another.
The relationship between Monaco and Germany has long been shaped by a common maritime heritage. Prince Albert I’s pioneering oceanographic expeditions to northern Europe helped establish scientific links that continue to inspire cooperation today. Germany’s renowned maritime centres, from Kiel to the Baltic and North Sea coasts, naturally complement Monaco’s long-standing commitment to ocean conservation and marine science.
Beyond political dialogue and economic exchanges, the anniversary also highlights the importance of human connections. The Embassy of Monaco in Berlin, supported by a network of six Honorary Consuls across Germany, works actively to strengthen cultural, academic, and economic ties. Universities, businesses, foundations, and cultural institutions all contribute to deepening a relationship that extends well beyond government-to-government contacts.
Recent developments further illustrate the vitality of this partnership. The inauguration of the Monaco-themed area at Europa-Park, attended by the Princely Family, has provided a new showcase for the Principality in Germany while highlighting the growing diversity of bilateral cooperation in tourism, culture, and innovation.
As Monaco currently holds, for the first time, the Presidency of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, dialogue with Germany has also focused on shared European priorities, including the defence of human rights, the rule of law, support for Ukraine, the fight against organised crime and money laundering, and the protection of future generations through education, sport and environmental action.
Seventy-five years after the establishment of diplomatic relations, Monaco and Germany continue to demonstrate that enduring partnerships are built not only on history, but also on a shared vision for the future. In an evolving international landscape, both countries remain committed to strengthening dialogue, encouraging innovation, and promoting sustainable development through cooperation, mutual confidence, and a common sense of responsibility.
The cultural diplomacy between Greece and China is entering a new phase of deepening engagement and institutional maturity, as reflected in the convening of the 2nd World Conference on Classical Studies in Athens. This high-profile academic and symbolic meeting reaffirms that culture remains a timeless field of dialogue, cooperation, and mutual understanding between two of the world’s oldest civilizations.
Within this context, the strengthening of Greece–China cultural diplomacy emerges as a strategically significant axis of convergence, extending beyond historical reference and evolving into a living instrument of contemporary international cooperation. Through the joint study of classical thought and the exchange of scholarly and cultural expertise, a stable framework of intercultural dialogue is being shaped with a clear orientation toward the future.
Athens stood at the center of international academic and cultural attention on the occasion of the 2nd World Conference on Classical Studies, reaffirming its enduring role as the cradle of philosophical thought and the democratic tradition.
The Conference was co-organized by the Academy of Athens and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), under the theme “Dialogue between Ancient and Modern: Contemporary Inspirations from Classical Wisdom.” The choice of Athens as the host city carried particular symbolic significance, highlighting the enduring value of classical heritage as a shared reference point for the global intellectual tradition.
The opening session was inaugurated by the Minister of Culture, Ms. Lina Mendoni, who underscored the strategic character of Greece–China cooperation in the cultural domain. As she noted, the partnership between leading academic institutions of both countries demonstrates that classical studies have evolved into a truly global field of scholarly dialogue and cultural exchange.
She further emphasized that classical civilization is not merely an object of historical study, but a lasting source of values and reflection with direct relevance to contemporary global challenges. In this context, she stressed that classical studies constitute a strategically important investment in the future, particularly in an era of rapid technological and social transformation.
Special reference was made to the challenges arising from artificial intelligence, biotechnology, the climate crisis, and geopolitical developments. These issues, she noted, bring to the forefront fundamental philosophical questions concerning the limits of knowledge, the relationship between ethics and progress, and the balance between individual and collective interest.
In this regard, the enduring contribution of the Greek philosophical tradition was highlighted, with references to Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, as well as to Chinese philosophical thought through figures such as Confucius and Laozi. These traditions continue to serve as essential reference points for questions of social cohesion, ethical order, and good governance.
At the same time, the institutional strengthening of academic cooperation between Greece and China was emphasized, with a notable example being the establishment of the Chinese School of Classical Studies in Athens. This development further enhances the role of the Greek capital as an international hub for research and dialogue on classical civilization.
In closing, it was stressed that cultural dialogue constitutes a fundamental tool for rapprochement and mutual understanding among states and societies. Referring to a Chinese proverb, it was noted that “when the winds of change blow, some build walls and others build windmills,” highlighting the choice of cooperation and open dialogue over isolation.
A Cultural Bridge Between East and West
A few days before the opening of the Conference, the Estia of Nea Smyrni hosted the event “Meeting & Inspiration: Dialogue Across Time and Space,” which served as a high-symbolic preparatory initiative for Greece–China cultural cooperation.
The event brought together institutional stakeholders from China and Greece, as well as representatives from the Shandong and Jiangsu provinces. Among the attendees were senior officials, including Hu Heping, Deputy Head of Publicity of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and Fang Qiu, the Ambassador of China to Greece, with participation exceeding 150 representatives from academic and cultural sectors.
The initiative highlighted the shared cultural values of Greece and China through exhibitions, presentations, and interactive digital applications. Of particular interest were artificial intelligence-based installations allowing symbolic “dialogues” with emblematic philosophical figures such as Socrates and Confucius.
A significant moment was the exchange of publications and audiovisual material reflecting the growing dynamism of Greece–China cultural cooperation, alongside the presentation of the “China–Greece Joint Plan for Audiovisual Cultural Cooperation 2026,” which foresees further co-productions and institutional partnerships.
The 2nd World Conference on Classical Studies confirms the consolidation of a stable and evolving framework of cultural diplomacy between Greece and China. This cooperation is no longer limited to symbolic references to classical heritage but is developing into a contemporary field of strategic dialogue, where cultural tradition functions as a bridge of understanding, cooperation, and shared future-oriented vision.
The first historical Royal Palace of modern Greece, where Cultural and Political Diplomacy meet
By Eleni Vasiliki Bampaliouta
How has cultural diplomacy embraced Greece’s political diplomacy under the same roof for nearly two centuries? In the heart of Athens, just a few steps from Syntagma Square, stands a place where history is not merely displayed behind glass cases—it continues to live. The Athens City Museum is far more than a museum dedicated to the political, social, and urban evolution of the Greek capital. It is the building where the newly established Greek state first came to life: the original royal residence of King Otto and Queen Amalia, where the first political decisions of modern Greece were made and the foundations of the modern Greek nation were laid.
Nearly two centuries later, this historic site continues to serve as a meeting point between Greece’s political and cultural history and the present day. Through its collections, international partnerships, digital applications, and educational initiatives, the Museum demonstrates that cultural diplomacy is not merely an abstract concept but a living instrument that connects peoples, cities, and cultures. Political history, the urban development of Athens, and the contemporary museum experience coexist within a space that is rightly regarded as one of the capital’s best-kept cultural treasures.
Polykarpos Kominis, Director of Athens City Museum
Where the Heart of the Greek State First Beat
The Athens City Museum – Vouros-Eutaxias Foundation was established in 1973 by the politician and collector Lambros I. Eutaxias, who chose to honor both his own name and that of his uncle, the distinguished diplomat Alexandros Vouros. Housed in two of the oldest surviving buildings in the historic center of Athens, the Museum opened its doors to the public in 1980.
Dedicated to the historical evolution of Athens, the Museum presents documentary evidence spanning from the Frankish period to the early twentieth century. Its core collections focus on the nineteenth century, when Athens, designated the capital of the newly established Greek state in 1834, emerged as an important political, social, cultural, and urban center.
Through paintings, sculptures, furniture, everyday objects, rare books, manuscripts, and archival documents, visitors can follow the city’s transformation across successive decades, tracing the changing lives of its inhabitants alongside the development of modern Athens itself. In recognition of its outstanding contribution to preserving and promoting the history of Athens—including its modern urban heritage—the Museum received an award from the Academy of Athens in 1990.
The older of the Museum’s two buildings was constructed between 1833 and 1834 according to the designs of architects Gustav-Adolph Lueders and Joseph Hoffer as the residence of the banker Stamatios Dekozis Vouros, the great-grandfather of Lambros Eutaxias.
This historic building occupies a unique place in both Athenian and Greek history. Together with an adjoining residence, it was leased to serve as the royal palace of Greece’s first monarchs, King Otto and Queen Amalia, from 1837 until the spring of 1843, when the newly completed Royal Palace—today’s Hellenic Parliament—became the royal residence.
Known today as the Old Palace, the building features a lush garden at the rear and preserves an exceptional collection of personal belongings and furnishings associated with the royal couple, including King Otto’s reception salon, Queen Amalia’s piano, and numerous other objects that vividly evoke the atmosphere of the period.
The Museum’s second building, completed in 1859 and internally connected to the Old Palace, houses works of art, period furniture, and decorative objects belonging to the Vouros family and other prominent Athenian bourgeois families. Together, these collections illustrate the evolution of urban life and bourgeois culture in Athens during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Athens’ Cultural Ambassador: A Museum in Dialogue with the World’s Leading City Museums
The Athens City Museum has established a distinguished position within the international museum community through its longstanding commitment to international collaboration and cultural exchange. A significant milestone was reached in 2005, when the Museum became one of the founding members of the International Committee for the Collections and Activities of Museums of Cities (CAMOC) in Moscow, alongside the city museums of London, Moscow, and New York.
CAMOC is one of the specialized international committees of the International Council of Museums (ICOM) and serves as a global platform for museums dedicated to urban history and culture. Its mission is to strengthen the role of city museums in preserving historical memory, interpreting contemporary social developments, and contributing to the sustainable future of cities around the world.
Through its active participation in this international network, the Athens City Museum continues to promote the history of Athens while fostering dialogue with institutions that share a common commitment to preserving and interpreting urban heritage.
Polykarpos Kominis: “The History of Athens Can Become the Strongest Form of Cultural Diplomacy”
For the past year, Polykarpos Kominis has served as Director of the Athens City Museum. Born in Athens in 1994, he belongs to a new generation of museum professionals who combine academic excellence with extensive experience in cultural heritage management, archaeology, and cultural diplomacy.
He graduated with highest honors from the Department of Social Policy at Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences in 2017 and subsequently earned a second degree from the Department of History and Archaeology of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, specializing in Archaeology and History of Art (2021).
In 2025, he completed a Master’s degree in Monument Management at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, specializing in the protection, management, and promotion of cultural heritage.
His professional career reflects an interdisciplinary approach that bridges archaeology, museum studies, diplomacy, and public history.
He served at the Permanent Delegation of Greece to UNESCO in Paris, where he worked on matters relating to World Cultural and Natural Heritage. He later joined the Directorate for Educational and Cultural Affairs (E1) of the Diplomatic Academy of the Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs, focusing on issues of cultural diplomacy and international cultural relations.
He has also worked at the Numismatic Museum of Athens, contributing to the identification, documentation, and cataloguing of archaeological material.
As an archaeologist, he served at the Holy and Great Monastery of Vatopedi on Mount Athos, where he supervised archaeological excavations and rescue excavations associated with the preservation of cultural heritage.
In 2024, he joined the Parliamentary Archives Department of the Library of the Hellenic Parliament, where he worked on archival documentation and the development of educational and museological programmes.
During his military service, he was assigned to the Historical Archives and Publications Office of the Hellenic Air Force History Museum, contributing to the preservation and documentation of military historical records.
He has also participated in archaeological excavations at Ancient Tenea in Corinthia and in Rafina, while remaining actively engaged in research and heritage management projects.
Fluent in both English and French, he has served as Director of the Athens City Museum – Vouros-Eutaxias Foundation since October 2025.
Leading a Historic Institution into a New Era
In the following interview at the Diplomat Magazine of Netherlands, Polykarpos Kominis discusses the Museum’s unique identity, its role within the international museum community, the challenges facing museums in the twenty-first century, and his vision of transforming one of Athens’ most historic landmarks into a vibrant centre for culture, education, innovation, and international dialogue.
1.How does the Athens City Museum connect the history of political and cultural diplomacy with the history of the Greek nation?
The establishment of the modern Greek state through the London Protocol of 1830, together with the selection of Prince Otto of Bavaria, a member of the House of Wittelsbach, as the first King of Greece by the Great Powers of the time—Great Britain, France, and Russia—constituted the first formal act of international diplomacy recognizing Greece as an independent kingdom. This historic decision laid the foundations for the country’s future diplomatic relations with Europe and the wider international community.
As the official residence of King Otto and Queen Amalia, the building that now houses the Athens City Museum occupies a unique place in the history of the Greek state. It served as the first political and administrative centre of the newly established Kingdom of Greece, where the country’s earliest governmental decisions were made and the institutions of the modern state began to take shape.
King Otto maintained close diplomatic relations with the royal courts of Europe, regularly receiving diplomats and ambassadors in the Throne Room—today one of the Museum’s most significant historic spaces. His reign sought to align Greece with the dominant political models of nineteenth-century Europe while simultaneously promoting the country’s rich cultural heritage, which continued to inspire European intellectual and artistic circles through the flourishing Philhellenic movement.
Queen Amalia, meanwhile, developed a remarkable passion for landscape design, botany, and horticulture. One of her first initiatives was the creation of the gardens surrounding the royal residence, including the landscaped square in front of the palace—today’s Klafthmonos Square, then known as Palace Square—as well as the private royal garden at the rear of the building.
It was in these gardens that the anniversary of the Greek War of Independence was officially celebrated for the first time on 25 March 1838, following King Otto’s decree establishing the date as Greece’s national holiday.
To enrich her gardens, Queen Amalia imported both native and exotic plant species from countries including Italy, Egypt, Lebanon, Brazil, and the United States. Many of these specimens were presented to her as diplomatic gifts by foreign monarchs, giving rise to what could be described as an early and informal form of “plant diplomacy”—a symbolic exchange in which botanical collections became instruments of international goodwill and cultural exchange.
The royal couple also left a lasting mark on nineteenth-century fashion and court culture. They consciously incorporated elements of traditional Greek dress into the royal court’s ceremonial attire while blending them with contemporary Western European styles. The most celebrated example remains the elegant court costume introduced by Queen Amalia, which became an enduring symbol of the newly established Greek monarchy and of the country’s evolving national identity.
2. What role does the Athens City Museum play within the international museum community, and how has it contributed to it? Has the Museum collaborated with comparable institutions abroad?
The Athens City Museum plays a significant role within the international museum community thanks to its long-standing commitment to international cooperation and professional exchange.
A defining milestone came in 2005 in Moscow, when the Museum became one of the founding members of the International Committee for the Collections and Activities of Museums of Cities (CAMOC), together with the city museums of London, Moscow, and New York. CAMOC is one of the specialised international committees of the International Council of Museums (ICOM) and serves as a global forum for museums devoted to the history and development of cities.
Its mission extends beyond preserving urban history. CAMOC encourages museums to interpret the social transformations shaping contemporary cities while contributing to their sustainable future through research, dialogue, and public engagement.
Within this framework, the Athens City Museum maintains an active presence at international conferences and professional meetings, keeping pace with developments in museum studies while sharing its own expertise and experience with colleagues from around the world.
The Museum has also developed an extensive network of international partnerships through exhibition exchanges and collaborative projects with city museums abroad. Reciprocal temporary exhibitions have been organised with the city museums of Moscow, Warsaw, Düsseldorf, and Nicosia, while professional exchange visits have taken place with the city museums of Seoul and Shanghai.
These collaborations have enabled important works from the Museum’s collections—including historical documents, paintings, and artefacts—to travel abroad for temporary exhibitions, introducing international audiences to the history of Athens and the formation of the modern Greek state.
At the same time, these exchanges offer residents and visitors of Athens the opportunity to discover the history, culture, and urban identity of other great cities around the world, encouraging intercultural dialogue through museum collections.
Beyond exhibitions, the Museum regularly organises conferences, scholarly symposia, lectures, book presentations, and musical performances. Through these initiatives, it promotes not only Greek cultural heritage but also the artistic traditions, histories, and contemporary cultures of other cities and nations, reinforcing its role as an active institution of cultural diplomacy.
3. Does the Museum offer interactive educational programmes? If so, what do they involve?
Education has always been one of the Athens City Museum’s core missions. Today, the Museum is particularly well known for its diverse range of interactive educational programmes, which combine digital technologies with objects from its permanent collections to introduce young visitors to the history of modern Athens through experiential learning.
Among the most popular is “The Pirates of Monfort,” inspired by the 1837 painting Greek Pirates by the French artist Antoine-Alphonse Montfort. Using the painting as a starting point, children explore the phenomenon of piracy from antiquity to the present day, compare the finished work with the artist’s preparatory sketches, and then embark on an interactive treasure hunt throughout the Museum’s galleries.
Another highly successful programme is “The Constitution of 1844,” centred on the Museum’s handwritten copy of Greece’s first Constitution, one of the most significant documents relating to the organisation of the modern Greek state. Participants examine its principal provisions before comparing them with those of Greece’s current Constitution, encouraging discussion about democracy, citizenship, and constitutional development.
The Museum also offers “Carnival in Greece,” inspired by the celebrated painting of the same title by Nikolaos Gyzis. Through this programme, students become acquainted with the artist, discover the customs and traditions of the Greek Carnival, and participate in a theatrical interpretation of the painting, transforming a work of art into a lively educational experience.
One of the Museum’s most innovative and socially relevant initiatives is “I Am Not a Doll” (IamNotADoll), an educational programme built around a series of six contemporary sculptures. These artworks invite children to interact with them by creating drawings or writing messages, encouraging empathy and creative expression.
The programme is inspired by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 5 (Gender Equality) and SDG 16.2 (Ending Violence Against Children), while also drawing upon the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Its aim is to raise children’s awareness of violence, discrimination, and harmful social practices, fostering respect, equality, and human dignity from an early age.
The Museum also offers younger visitors, aged six to fourteen, the opportunity to wear meticulously reproduced costumes of King Otto and Queen Amalia and to be photographed within the historic interiors of Greece’s first royal palace. This immersive experience enables children to engage with history in a memorable and enjoyable way.
4. How has the Museum incorporated new technologies into its exhibitions? Can visitors also explore the Museum digitally?
Over the past decade, digital technologies have transformed museums worldwide, reshaping how collections are interpreted and responding to the evolving expectations of contemporary audiences.
In keeping with these developments, the Athens City Museum has embraced digital innovation to enrich the visitor experience through immersive, multi-sensory interpretation.
One of its most remarkable digital installations is a three-dimensional virtual reconstruction of Athens in 1842, developed from an exceptionally detailed historical scale model of the city.
Through interactive visualisations, visitors can explore the most important monuments and buildings of ancient, Byzantine, and nineteenth-century Athens while learning about their historical significance. The application enables audiences to experience the city as it appeared during King Otto’s reign, discovering its public buildings, private residences, streets, and historic squares through an engaging combination of three-dimensional animation and historical interpretation.
Within King Otto’s historic reception salon in the Old Palace, visitors encounter another innovative digital experience. Using advanced projection technologies and animated “living paintings,” life-sized three-dimensional holographic representations of King Otto and Queen Amalia appear before them.
Queen Amalia reads excerpts from one of her letters describing everyday life in nineteenth-century Athens, while King Otto is shown reading his newspaper, creating the impression that the royal residence remains alive and inhabited.
The experience continues in the dining room of the Vouros residence, where visitors meet a holographic representation of Lambros Eutaxias, founder of the Museum. Presented at life size, the digital figure comes to life, recounting his own story as well as the history and mission of the institution he created.
The Museum’s commitment to accessibility also extends beyond its physical walls. Through its official website, visitors anywhere in the world can enjoy a 360-degree virtual tour, exploring the galleries digitally, examining selected objects from the permanent collections in high resolution, and learning about their historical context.
This online experience makes the Museum accessible to individuals who may be unable to visit in person due to distance or health considerations, while also allowing prospective visitors to familiarise themselves with the collections before arriving in Athens.
In addition, the website hosts an interactive digital timeline covering the history of Athens between 1921 and 1941, presenting the most significant political, social, and cultural events of this pivotal period in chronological order.
5. You assumed the directorship of the Museum in 2025 at the age of just thirty-two, following an impressive academic and professional career. What are the challenges of leading an institution with such a distinguished history, and what is your vision for its future?
Leading a museum of such historical significance is both an immense honour and a profound responsibility—particularly for someone of my generation. It requires respect for the institution’s legacy, for the work of those who came before me, and for the vision of its founder, while at the same time developing a new strategic direction capable of responding to the challenges of the twenty-first century.
One of our foremost priorities is digital transformation: reimagining a traditional museum as a dynamic, interactive cultural hub that appeals to younger generations without ever compromising scholarly integrity or historical authenticity.
At the same time, global challenges—including economic uncertainty and the growing demand for sustainable cultural institutions—require museums to rethink both their financial resilience and their environmental and social responsibilities.
Perhaps my greatest personal challenge is demonstrating that youth should never be equated with inexperience. On the contrary, it can bring fresh perspectives, creativity, and the courage to rethink established practices. I hope to challenge long-standing stereotypes, encourage confidence in younger professionals, and create opportunities for them to develop their ideas, fulfil their potential, and contribute meaningfully to society.
My academic studies and professional experience in Greece and abroad have given me an international perspective on the transformative role that culture can play in contemporary societies. My specialisation in Monument Management has provided the foundations for directing a historic institution such as the Athens City Museum, a protected heritage monument whose collections tell not only the history of a city but also the everyday stories, memories, and lived experiences of its people.
Too often, city museums become confined to nostalgia. My ambition is to move beyond a static presentation of the past and transform the Museum into a living institution at the heart of contemporary Athens—one that demonstrates how nineteenth-century architecture, urban life, and everyday customs have shaped the identity of today’s city and its inhabitants.
My vision extends beyond preserving the Museum’s remarkable heritage. I want the Athens City Museum to become a leading international destination for anyone seeking to understand the history of Athens and the people who have shaped it.
I firmly believe that the history of Athens can become one of Greece’s most powerful instruments of cultural diplomacy.
Digital technologies—including augmented reality, interactive exhibitions, and innovative educational programmes for children and young people—allow us to present the past in ways that resonate with contemporary audiences, transforming historical knowledge into personal experience.
Equally important is strengthening the Museum’s international presence through strategic partnerships, travelling exhibitions, collaborative research projects, and long-term cooperation with leading cultural institutions across the world.
Local heritage has the power to acquire global significance. The story of Athens deserves to enter into dialogue with the histories of the world’s other great cities.
Ultimately, I envision an open, inclusive museum where residents and visitors alike—regardless of age, background, or ability—can engage freely with history and culture.
Museums derive their true value only when they remain connected to the people they serve. That is precisely the connection I hope to strengthen in Athens.
My age is not an obstacle; it is my greatest advantage. It gives me the energy to view challenges as opportunities and the determination to build a bridge between the Museum’s remarkable past and an ambitious, internationally connected future.
French and Italian authorities, working in close cooperation with Kosovar authorities and supported by Eurojust and Europol, have seized an additional EUR 1 million in criminal assets as part of an ongoing investigation into an international money laundering network linked to drug trafficking.
The latest operation follows an earlier enforcement action in September 2025 during which authorities confiscated more than EUR 30 million in criminal assets.
Investigators uncovered a sophisticated scheme in which proceeds from drug trafficking in France were transported to Italy, where they were converted into gold bars and gold sheets to conceal their illicit origin. The gold was then moved to other countries, particularly Kosovo*, Türkiye and Morocco. During the ten-month investigation, authorities established that at least EUR 18 million had been laundered.
The investigation centres on a couple residing in Italy who are suspected of orchestrating the laundering operation. They were arrested in France in September 2025 after officers discovered more than 50 kilograms of gold bars hidden in a specially constructed compartment inside a vehicle.
Analysis of evidence seized during the investigation, together with intelligence provided by Kosovar authorities, led investigators to identify additional bank accounts, business interests, real estate and luxury vehicles linked to the suspects, resulting in the latest asset seizures.
Eurojust has supported the investigation since December 2024 by establishing a Joint Investigation Team (JIT) between France and Italy and coordinating the operational actions carried out in September 2025 and June 2026.
Europol provided operational support throughout the investigation, facilitating information exchange, conducting financial and operational analysis, and deploying specialists in money laundering and asset tracing. During the latest action day, Europol sent a financial analyst and a money laundering expert with a mobile office to Kosovo* to assist investigators on the ground.
The operation was supported through the EU Home Affairs Programme (HAPE) and the EU-funded @ON Network, led by Italy’s Anti-Mafia Investigation Directorate (DIA).
The investigation involved judicial and law enforcement authorities from France, Italy and Kosovo*, underscoring the importance of cross-border cooperation in disrupting organised crime and recovering illicit assets.
German authorities, following close cooperation with Romanian authorities and supported by Eurojust, have arrested a suspect accused of attempting to establish a foreign right-wing extremist terrorist organisation.
A Romanian and Moldovan national was arrested in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, on 30 June 2026 on suspicion of attempting to establish a foreign right-wing extremist terrorist organisation. According to the investigation, the suspect allegedly sought to establish a terrorist group as early as 2023 with the aim of carrying out a “war of terror” in Romania and overthrowing the Romanian state.
The suspect is alleged to have operated two encrypted messaging channels from Germany to recruit primarily young Romanian followers. Through these channels, the individual allegedly incited members to commit a range of serious offences, including arson attacks targeting buildings used by migrants and members of the LGBTQ+ community.
At the request of the Romanian authorities, Eurojust supported the establishment and coordination of a joint investigation team (JIT) between the Romanian and German authorities. The JIT enabled operational measures, exchange evidence quickly and securely, and address cross-border judicial and evidential issues throughout the investigation. The cooperation led to the suspect’s arrest and pre-trial detention in Germany.
The following authorities were involved in the supported Joint Investigation Team:
Germany: Federal Prosecutor General’s Office Karlsruhe, State Police Agencies, Rhineland-Palatinate and Baden-Württemberg Police Headquarters Koblenz
Romania: Prosecutor’s Office attached to the High Court of Cassation and Justice, Directorate for Investigating Organized Crime and Terrorism
