Drawing Strength from Great Thought to Advance China–Netherlands Relations to a Higher Level

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Drawing Strength from Great Thought to Advance China–Netherlands Relations to a Higher Level

By H.E. Mr. Shen Bo, designate ambassador from the People’s Republic of China to the Kingdom of the Netherlands

On December 9, I arrived in The Hague, Legal Capital of the world, from Beijing, an ancient capital of the East, officially commencing my diplomatic mission as Ambassador of the People’s Republic of China to the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Taking up my first ambassadorial post and coming to the Netherlands, an important gateway for China–Europe exchanges and China’s open and pragmatic partner for comprehensive cooperation, I feel a great sense of responsibility and a glorious mission.

The Netherlands is among the earliest Western countries to recognize the People’s Republic of China, and exchanges between our two countries enjoy a long and rich history. Since the beginning of the 21st century, and particularly since the establishment of the Open and Pragmatic Partnership for Comprehensive Cooperation, China–Netherlands relations have grown ever closer, with the scale and quality of bilateral cooperation ranking at the forefront of China–Europe relations.

On the eve of my assumption of office, the fifth volume of “Xi Jinping: The Governance of China” was published. This volume presents in a comprehensive and systematic manner the latest achievements of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, bringing together a series of new ideas, new thinking, and new propositions put forward by President Xi Jinping since the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China held in 2022. It provides the international community with an authoritative and systematic reference for gaining an in-depth understanding of contemporary China’s development philosophy, direction of progress, and sense of global responsibility. I would like to take this opportunity to share several reflections from my study of the book, as well as my thoughts on the future development of China–Netherlands relations.

I. Chinese Modernization as the Contemporary Answer to China’s Governance

Amid changes unseen in a century, China’s rapid development and its growing global impact have attracted widespread international attention. Many friends ask how China succeeded in eliminating absolute poverty within decades, how it transformed itself from a poor and weak country into the world’s second-largest economy, and how it created the rare twin miracles of rapid economic growth and long-term social stability. The fifth volume of “Xi Jinping: The Governance of China” provides clear and convincing answers.

The volume fully presents the latest theoretical achievements and practical strategies of President Xi Jinping in governing the country, and systematically addresses major questions concerning how a large developing country with vast territory and a huge population can, based on its national conditions and the characteristics of the times, advance the building of a modern socialist country in all respects through Chinese modernization. A proper understanding of this book makes it clear that Chinese modernization constitutes the contemporary answer to China’s governance.

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China held in 2012, the Party has successfully advanced and expanded Chinese modernization through the integrated application of theory and practice. The 20th National Congress summarized and elaborated the theory of Chinese modernization in a systematic manner, charting a clear course for building a strong country and realizing national rejuvenation. Chinese modernization follows a path of high-quality development, with innovation as the primary driving force, fostering new quality productive forces and promoting effective improvement in quality alongside reasonable growth in quantity. It adheres to the people-centered philosophy of development, places the fundamental interests, sense of gain, happiness, and security of the people at the highest priority, and relies on the unity and hard work of the entire population to realize the people’s aspiration for a better life.

Chinese modernization upholds independence, self-reliance, and self-confidence, while at the same time embracing the world and promoting shared development. By coordinating domestic development and opening up to the outside world, China continuously empowers the world through its own development, advancing common development and shared prosperity.

This volume not only opens a new window for friends in the Netherlands and Europe to understand contemporary China and the governing philosophy of the Communist Party of China, but also serves as an authoritative guide for grasping China’s development direction and the essence of Chinese modernization. A more open, innovative, stable, and sustainable China will undoubtedly bring broader cooperation space, stronger growth momentum, and richer opportunities for shared development to the Netherlands and Europe.

II. High-Standard Opening Up as a Major Opportunity for China–Netherlands Cooperation

In the fifth volume of “Xi Jinping: The Governance of China”, the term “Opening up” appears frequently, with a total of forty-eight occurrences. President Xi Jinping stated clearly at the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China that China will remain committed to its fundamental national policy of opening up, firmly pursue a win-win strategy of opening up, and continue to provide new opportunities for the world through China’s new development. Recently, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China adopted the recommendations for formulating the Fifteenth Five-Year Plan. The meeting emphasized expanding high-standard opening up and creating a new landscape of win-win cooperation, outlining a grand blueprint for China’s economic and social development over the next five years and sending a clear signal to the international community of China’s firm resolve to share development opportunities with all countries.

The Netherlands is an important partner of China in Europe, with bilateral trade maintaining a scale of over one hundred billion US dollars for the past years. The implementation of the Fifteenth Five-Year Plan will open up even broader prospects for bilateral cooperation. For example,

–China is advancing its innovation-driven development strategy in depth, while the Netherlands enjoys distinct strengths in areas such as semiconductors and life sciences, offering significant potential for cooperation in scientific and technological innovation.

–China is steadily advancing its carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, while the Netherlands is a global leader in renewable energy, the circular economy, and green logistics. The two sides can cultivate new growth drivers in areas such as green energy, climate governance, and green finance.

–China attaches great importance to maintaining the security and stability of industrial and supply chains, while the Netherlands, as a trading nation and a major European hub, represents a vast reservoir of potential for further economic and trade cooperation.

Sound and stable China–Netherlands relations serve the fundamental interests of both countries and are conducive to the overall development of China–Europe relations. This year marks the entry of our two countries’ Open and Pragmatic Partnership for Comprehensive Cooperation into its second decade, a crucial period linking past achievements with future development. China stands ready to work with the Netherlands to deepen strategic communication, enhance mutual understanding and trust, and consolidate the positioning of the partnership. Both sides should expand mutual opening up, broaden practical cooperation, properly manage differences, strengthen exchanges and mutual learning between civilizations, and promote people-to-people connectivity. As long as both sides follow the trend of the times and uphold mutual respect, equality, mutual benefit, openness, and inclusiveness, China–Netherlands relations will continue to move forward steadily and achieve long-term, sound development amid a complex international environment.

III. Upholding Multilateralism as a Shared Mission of China and the Netherlands

The world has entered a new period of turbulence and transformation. Unilateralism and Cold War thinking are resurfacing, while deficits in peace, development, and governance continue to widen. Humanity once again faces a critical choice regarding its future. The fifth volume of “Xi Jinping: The Governance of China” takes a comprehensive view of global changes and trends, accurately grasps the direction of the times, and with profound strategic vision and a deep sense of responsibility for humanity, further elaborates and enriches the concept of a community with a shared future for humanity. It clearly advocates common values of humanity, emphasizing that peace and development are shared causes, fairness and justice are shared ideals, and democracy and freedom are shared pursuits. Following the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative, and the Global Civilization Initiative, President Xi Jinping has solemnly proposed the Global Governance Initiative. Together these four Initiatives complement and reinforce one another, offering Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to address global challenges and navigate a changing world.

Multilateralism is the cornerstone for safeguarding the international order and promoting peace and development. China consistently upholds true multilateralism, firmly safeguards the international system with the United Nations at its centre, adheres to fairness and justice, and promotes economic globalization toward a more open, inclusive, balanced, and win-win direction. From actively responding to global crises and promoting dialogue and negotiations, to advancing high-quality Belt and Road cooperation, from strengthening exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations to promoting reform and improvement of the global governance system, China has always acted as a responsible major country and provided stability and positive energy into a turbulent world.

The Netherlands is also a staunch supporter of multilateralism. The Hague is widely known as Legal Capital of the World and hosts numerous international organizations and judicial institutions, giving the Netherlands a unique and important role in international affairs. China and the Netherlands share broad consensus and similar perspectives on maintaining world peace, promoting common development, and upholding international fairness and justice.

The year 2025 marks the eightieth anniversary of the founding of the United Nations and the victory of the World Anti-Fascist War. Eighty years ago, China and the Netherlands were allies. Eighty years later, we are partners. Both sides should jointly safeguard the outcomes of the victory in World War Two and the post-war international order, and jointly oppose any attempts to revive militarism or fascism. China stands ready to strengthen communication and coordination with the Netherlands within multilateral frameworks, build broader consensus on global affairs, and contribute greater China–Netherlands strength to improving global governance, building a community with a shared future for humanity, and promoting world peace and development.

The fifth volume of “Xi Jinping: The Governance of China” belongs not only to China but also to the world. It records the steadfast exploration and successful practice of an ancient civilization on its path toward modernization, and embodies the profound reflection and strategic responsibility of a responsible major country regarding the future for humanity. In the days ahead, I look forward to engaging in broader and deeper exchanges with friends in the Netherlands on China’s governance. Guided by the profound thinking of the fifth volume of “Xi Jinping: The Governance of China”, I will actively deepen our all round practical cooperation, promote China–Netherlands relations to a higher level, and strive to address global uncertainty with the stability of China–Netherlands relations.

Metsola Praises Greece’s Leadership in Talks with Mitsotakis

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Metsola Praises Greece’s Leadership in Talks with Mitsotakis

Meeting of Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis with European Parliament President Roberta Metsola in Athens

By Eleni Vasiliki Bampaliouta

The President of the European Parliament, Roberta Metsola, held meetings in Athens with the President of the Hellenic Republic, Konstantinos Tasoulas, Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis, and the President of the Hellenic Parliament, Nikitas Kaklamanis.

In her joint statements with Prime Minister Mitsotakis, Ms Metsola expressed her pleasure at being in Athens and stressed that the meeting was taking place at a critical moment for Europe. She underlined the importance of integration, noting that “it is essential that we stand united and strong as a European Union.”

She agreed with the Prime Minister that Greece has proven to be the most reliable partner within the EU, pointing out that the country has set the tone in recent years. Ms Metsola highlighted Greece’s economic progress, noting that unemployment has fallen from 27 per cent to below 10 per cent—the lowest level in more than a decade—while jobs have returned, investments are substantial, and growth has been accelerating since 2021. As she observed, Greece’s economy is now growing faster than that of many other EU member states.

Regarding the war in Ukraine, Ms Metsola expressed optimism and determination to help the European Union bring the conflict to an end. “We are discussing a plan of possible steps forward, and we have already made significant progress,” she said. She also reiterated that the European Parliament has been clear that any agreement must be lasting and fair, with Ukraine at the negotiating table, and fully based on the principle that “nothing about Ukraine without Ukraine.”

Roberta Metsola: “Greece Has Proven to Be the Most Reliable Partner”

Ms Metsola thanked Prime Minister Mitsotakis for Greece’s continued support for Ukraine, particularly through the provision of liquefied natural gas. As she noted, this support not only offers a vital lifeline to Ukrainians facing winter conditions, but also strengthens transatlantic cooperation.

Referring to migration, she stressed that Greece has been at the forefront of efforts to address the issue and has shouldered a significant part of the burden on behalf of Europe. She spoke of the need for concrete relief for countries under migration pressure, including through the new solidarity fund currently under development. Migration, she added, remains a top priority for the European Parliament, which is working to conclude pending reforms swiftly, accelerate asylum procedures, increase returns, and draw on Greece’s experience and expertise to guide its future approach.

Kyriakos Mitsotakis: Europe must come of age geopolitically

Following the meeting at the Maximos Mansion, Prime Minister Mitsotakis stressed that “complex challenges require dynamic responses,” adding that the fluid international environment demands that Europe “come of age and mature geopolitically.” “Europe must send a clear message that it takes its security seriously,” the Prime Minister said.

He underlined the importance of such initiatives at a time when populist voices from both the right and the left are becoming increasingly loud, emphasising the need to educate younger generations. As he noted, the European Union contributes to peace, and to the prosperity of the continent.

Prime Minister Mitsotakis explained that discussions with Ms Metsola also focused on Greece’s upcoming assumption of the Presidency of the Council of the European Union in the second half of 2027. He stressed that Europe must make strategic choices that will be crucial not only for the well-being of its citizens, but also for their security, particularly in an increasingly volatile international environment.

Developments in Ukraine were also discussed, with both sides reiterating the need for substantial support for Ukrainians defending their country. In this context, the Prime Minister referred to important energy agreements recently signed with President Volodymyr Zelensky. “The goal can be nothing other than a just and sustainable peace,” Mr Mitsotakis said, noting that such a peace must also be compatible with the security interests of European states. “Europe must be present not with words, but with actions,” he added.

Finally, he highlighted the discussion on European competitiveness, stressing the shared view on the need to implement the proposals outlined in the Draghi and Letta reports. He emphasised the importance of completing a truly integrated single market capable of offering meaningful growth opportunities to businesses across all member states, and made particular reference to the need for an energy union to achieve convergent and affordable energy prices throughout Europe.

The public statements were preceded by a private meeting between the Prime Minister and the President of the European Parliament.

Italy and Mercosur: A Strategic Opportunity for Italian Business and Diplomacy

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Italy and Mercosur: A Strategic Opportunity for Italian Business and Diplomacy

By Domenico Letizia, Geopolitical Analyst and Contributor to La Ragione

In an increasingly interconnected global economy, the European Union’s relationship with Latin America has acquired renewed strategic importance. One of the key frameworks for this engagement is the EU–Mercosur agreement, which aims to strengthen trade and cooperation between the EU and the Mercosur countries—Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay. The Mercosur bloc represents a market of more than 260 million people, with growing demand for high-quality goods, sustainable technologies, and industrial expertise—areas in which Italian companies traditionally excel.

From agri-food products to automotive components, and from green energy to advanced manufacturing, Italian enterprises can find fertile ground for exports, investments, and joint ventures across Mercosur countries. In particular, sectors such as machinery, fashion, design, and pharmaceuticals stand to benefit significantly from reduced tariffs and greater regulatory harmonization.

Italy already enjoys strong historical and cultural ties with South America, rooted in a large diaspora and decades of economic cooperation. Leveraging these connections through a modern trade framework such as the EU–Mercosur agreement could help Italian small and medium-sized enterprises expand their international footprint. This is especially relevant at a time when diversifying export markets beyond traditional partners is essential to ensuring economic resilience. For Italy, the agreement represents not only a commercial opportunity, but also a diplomatic and strategic tool to reinforce its global presence and promote the excellence of its production system.

Moreover, Italy’s engagement within the Mercosur framework strengthens its role inside the European Union as a promoter of open markets, sustainability, and balanced international trade. It positions Rome as a bridge between European institutions and Latin America, fostering not only commerce, but also dialogue on environmental standards, social rights, and digital innovation. While some opposition within Europe persists, often based on environmental or protectionist concerns, a well-implemented EU–Mercosur agreement can incorporate robust sustainability safeguards while still enabling economic growth and geopolitical alignment.

Italy should not remain on the sidelines. Instead, it must act as a proactive advocate for the ratification and effective implementation of the agreement. Supporting the EU–Mercosur deal is clearly in Italy’s national interest: it delivers tangible benefits for businesses, strengthens diplomatic ties with a strategically important region, and aligns with Italy’s broader vision of a multilateral, open, and sustainable global economy.

 Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of Angola’s Independence

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 Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of Angola’s Independence

By Roy Lie Atjam

H. E. Mrs Lizeth Nawanga Satumbo Pena, Ambassador of Angola in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, hosted an important reception with the motto “Angola: 50 Years, Preserving and Valuing Achievements, Building a Better Future.”

The evening started with the two national anthems, followed by a solemn moment of silence to honour the courageous heroes of the independence of Angola. Ambassador Pena delivered a compelling speech, followed by Mrs Martine van Hoogstraten from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The celebration included a toast, a formal cake-cutting ceremony, captivating music from saxophonist Mr. Nanutu, and vibrant performances by traditional Angolan dancers. As the event concluded, attendees enjoyed an impressive buffet featuring the delectable dessert bolo de Ginguba.

H. E. Mrs Lizeth Nawanga Satumbo Pena with ambassadors attending National Day of Angola 2025 The Hague

Here is a resume of Ambassador H.E.Lizeth Nawanga Satumbo Pena’s discourse.

“ It is a great honour to address you today, on behalf of the Angolan People, the President of the Republic, His Excellency João Manuel Gonçalves Lourenço, the staff of our Diplomatic Mission in the Netherlands, and in my own name, as we commemorate the Fiftieth Anniversary of the National Independence of the Republic of Angola, proclaimed on the 11th of November 1975 by the late Dr. António Agostinho Neto, the first President of the Republic and Founder of the Angolan Nation.

The event that brings us together today is the result of a long and difficult struggle, which now represents a national legacy. It was born from the courage and determination of millions of Angolans who, through their blood, sweat, and sacrifice, brought an end to nearly five centuries of colonization, making Independence and National Sovereignty sacred and irrevocable achievements.

It is important to remember that Angola’s National Independence was proclaimed during a particularly challenging period.

This context marked the beginning of Angola’s active presence in the international arena, particularly in Africa, through the dedication of distinguished figures whose contribution remains an enduring part of our diplomatic history. It is in this spirit that, on the 12th of November, we also celebrate the Day of the Angolan Diplomat, that affirmed Angola’s sovereignty and laid the foundation for its foreign policy.

Today, under the leadership of H.E.João Lourenço, President of the Republic, Angola continues to strengthen its democratic Institutions and the Rule of Law, while laying the foundations for a dynamic, efficient, and inclusive market economy. The accomplishment of peace has stimulated political and economic stability, providing a solid basis for sustainable development and a favourable business environment that encourages investment and growth.

H. E. Mrs Lizeth Nawanga Satumbo Pena together with Angolan diplomats and members of the diaspora.

In keeping with this year’s motto “Preserving and Valuing Achievements, Building a Better Future.”

The Republic of Angola maintains cordial diplomatic relations with all States, guided by the fundamental principles of international law.

As we joyfully celebrate this important day, we remain aware of the complex international context in which our countries, our continent, and the world currently find themselves — a time marked by serious geopolitical tensions that challenge global stability, peace, and economic development.

Angola currently holds the Presidency of the African Union, a responsibility assumed by His Excellency President João Lourenço on the 15th of February 2025, during the 38th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government in Addis Ababa. Under his leadership, Angola has set clear priorities: enhancing transport and infrastructure to boost intra-African trade, improving the management of energy and natural resources, and promoting investment in renewable energy.

In this same spirit of cooperation, the upcoming seventh African Union–European Union Summit, to be held in Luanda on the 24th and 25th of November 2025, will mark 25 years of the Africa–Europe Partnership. Co-chaired by President João Lourenço and the President of the European Council, António Costa, the Summit will seek to strengthen collaboration in key areas such as peace and security, trade, sustainable development, digitalisation, and human mobility.

Our two Nations will soon celebrate 50 years of close cooperation, following the establishment of formal diplomatic relations in 1976. Relations between both States are excellent and continue to strengthen through the identification of new areas of cooperation and the exchange of high-level visits. In this regard, the imminent trip of the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, H.E. Dick Schoof, to Luanda — within the framework of the African Union–European Union Summit —and the prospect of meetings with High Dignitaries of the Republic of Angola, will further illustrate the mutual commitment to intensifying dialogue and encouraging bilateral cooperation.

Allow me to address a few words to the Angolan community residing in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, a community of which I am also a proud member.

In honour of the memory of our heroes and ancestors, we continue to make every effort to fulfill our civic and patriotic duties, ensuring that, beyond political and diplomatic matters, the institutional assistance of the Republic of Angola to its diaspora in the Netherlands is duly provided —so that all Angolans may fully exercise their rights as citizens.

I avail myself of this opportunity to also express my deepest gratitude to all those who have contributed to the success of this event, particularly to my esteemed colleagues, for their dedication, diligence, and commitment to the preparation of this significant event, organized with great attention to detail as well as in close coordination with the Hilton Hotel management.” The Hague, 13 November 2025.

El Salvador Breaks New Ground: A Nation‑wide AI Education Initiative with Elon Musk

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El Salvador Breaks New Ground: A Nation‑wide AI Education Initiative with Elon Musk

In a bold and unprecedented move, President Nayib Bukele of El Salvador and tech entrepreneur Elon Musk have unveiled a partnership to deploy artificial intelligence across the country’s public education system — a development that could redefine how nations approach learning in the digital age.

At a high-profile event in San Salvador on December 11, 2025, Bukele and representatives of xAI, Musk’s artificial intelligence company, announced what officials are calling the world’s first nationwide AI‑powered education program. The initiative centers around Grok, xAI’s advanced AI platform — positioning El Salvador as a global pioneer in the integration of AI into formal schooling. (dig.watch)

A Vision for Personalized Learning

Under the agreement, Grok will be rolled out over the next two years to more than 5,000 public schools, reaching over 1 million students from urban centres to rural communities. The system is designed to offer personalized, adaptive tutoring that aligns with each learner’s pace, abilities, and curriculum requirements in core subjects like mathematics, science, and English. (dig.watch)

President Bukele, known for his pro-technology governance and trailblazing policies — including making Bitcoin legal tender — framed the initiative as a historic leap for Salvadoran education. He emphasized the potential for AI to bridge educational gaps:

“This program will allow every student, whether in the heart of San Salvador or the most remote village, to access quality education. AI is a tool — how we use it defines our future, and we intend to use it for the flourishing of our children.”

Musk described the programme as putting “the most advanced AI directly in the hands of an entire generation,” highlighting its transformative potential:

“We want to see what happens when millions of young minds have AI as a tutor, a guide, and a helper. If used responsibly, it can open doors that were previously unimaginable for education systems everywhere.”

xAI also highlighted plans to jointly develop new methodologies, datasets, and responsible AI frameworks specifically tailored to classroom environments. (diario.elmundo.sv)

Teachers, Technology and the Future of Education

Crucially, this initiative does not seek to replace educators but to augment them. Teachers will use AI tools to support lesson planning, grading, and administrative tasks, allowing more time for high-value instruction and student engagement. By co-designing the AI with local educational authorities, xAI aims to ensure the technology supports — rather than supplants — human teaching expertise. (dig.watch)

For El Salvador, the programme represents part of a broader strategy to embrace disruptive tech and leapfrog traditional development barriers. It follows other investments in AI infrastructure and partnerships with global technology firms, positioning the small Central American nation as a test bed for innovations with potential global impact. (reddit.com)

Promise and Controversy

While the announcement has drawn praise from proponents of educational innovation, it has also raised important questions. Critics point to Grok’s controversial track record — including past episodes of unreliable or biased outputs — as a reminder of the risks associated with deploying powerful AI tools at scale. Ensuring data protection, content quality, and ethical safeguards will be essential as the initiative unfolds. (theguardian.com)

International observers are watching closely: Can a small nation’s experiment inform global policy on AI in education? Will adaptive AI tutoring narrow learning gaps or introduce new forms of bias? And how will El Salvador safeguard its students in an era of rapid technological change?

A Model for the Future?

Regardless of the outcome, El Salvador’s initiative — blending political ambition with Silicon Valley technology — marks a crucial moment in the conversation about the role of artificial intelligence in public service. As countries around the world grapple with similar questions, the Salvadoran experience may offer valuable lessons on both the promise and the pitfalls of national-scale AI education.

Europe Launches International Claims Commission to Address Ukraine War Damages

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Europe Launches International Claims Commission to Address Ukraine War Damages

European and Ukrainian leaders have officially launched an International Claims Commission in The Hague, marking a significant step toward accountability and reparations for the damage caused by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The new body is tasked with processing and adjudicating claims related to losses suffered by the Ukrainian state, businesses, and individuals since the start of the war.

The establishment of the Commission reflects growing international consensus that victims of the conflict should have access to a structured, legal mechanism to seek compensation. According to European officials, more than 80,000 claims have already been submitted, highlighting the vast scale of destruction to infrastructure, housing, industry, and livelihoods across Ukraine.

A Legal Path to Compensation

The International Claims Commission is designed to operate as an independent and rules-based mechanism. Its mandate includes reviewing evidence, assessing damages, and determining the validity and value of claims arising from the conflict. While it does not itself enforce payments, the Commission represents a crucial institutional framework that could underpin future compensation arrangements.

Locating the Commission in The Hague — a city internationally recognized as a center for justice and international law — underscores the legal and symbolic weight of the initiative. European leaders emphasized that the Commission complements existing international justice efforts and reinforces the principle that violations of international law carry consequences.

Funding Still Under Negotiation

One of the key unresolved issues remains how compensation will be funded. Participating states are currently negotiating financing mechanisms, including the controversial but increasingly discussed option of using frozen Russian state assets held in Europe and other jurisdictions. While some countries support this approach as a matter of justice and deterrence, others urge caution, citing legal and financial stability concerns.

Until a funding solution is agreed upon, the Commission’s initial focus will be on registering, organizing, and legally assessing claims, ensuring they are ready for compensation once resources become available.

Political and Diplomatic Significance

For Ukraine, the launch of the Commission represents an important diplomatic achievement and a step toward long-term recovery and reconstruction. Ukrainian leaders have welcomed the initiative as recognition of the immense human and material losses suffered by their country and as a signal of sustained European commitment.

For Europe, the Commission sends a broader message: accountability and reparations are integral to any durable peace. By creating a formal mechanism now, European states aim to ensure that compensation is not treated as an afterthought, but as a core element of post-war justice laying the groundwork for future reparations and reinforcing the international rules-based order.

Greece’s Comeback: Kyriakos Pierrakakis to Lead the Eurogroup

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Greece’s Comeback: Kyriakos Pierrakakis to Lead the Eurogroup

From Grexit and economic collapse to the heart of the Eurozone, Eurogroup Presidency Marks Greece’s Full European Rehabilitation

By Eleni Vasiliki Bampaliouta

Kyriakos Pierrakakis was unanimously elected President of the Eurogroup for the next two and a half years, confirming earlier predictions and significantly strengthening Greece’s position within the European Union. The election of the Greek Minister of Economy and Finance followed the withdrawal of the candidacy of his Belgian counterpart, Vincent Van Peteghem, a development that rendered Mr Pierrakakis’s election both particularly positive and highly symbolic.

This new role places Greece closer than ever to the centre of EU economic decision-making, at a time when Europe is entering a period marked by profound challenges and critical policy choices. As President of the Eurogroup, the Greek minister will have the opportunity to shape and influence the direction of European economic policy, contributing to the management of issues such as economic recovery and the repercussions of ongoing international crises.

The election of Mr Pierrakakis without a formal vote also sends a strong political signal regarding Europe’s renewed confidence in Greece, reinforcing the country’s credibility and influence at the core of European decision-making.

The role of frozen Russian assets

Considerable attention has focused on the future use of frozen Russian assets, an issue that appears to have played a role in the election process. In statements made shortly before the vote, the Belgian Finance Minister indicated that steps would be taken towards the utilisation of these assets, in what was widely seen as a final attempt to strengthen his candidacy. However, this move did not prove sufficient.

Earlier, the German Finance Minister had publicly stated, upon arriving at the Eurogroup meeting, that he would support Kyriakos Pierrakakis—an endorsement that further underscored the broad support for the Greek candidate.

The Eurogroup’s official announcement

The Eurogroup today elected Kyriakos Pierrakakis, Minister of Economy and Finance of Greece, as President of the Eurogroup, in accordance with Protocol No. 14 to the EU Treaties.
The new President took office on 12 December 2025 and will serve a term of two and a half years.
The first Eurogroup meeting under the presidency of Kyriakos Pierrakakis is scheduled for 19 January 2026.

What is the Eurogroup?

The Eurogroup is an informal body in which the ministers of the euro area member states discuss matters of common interest related to the use of the euro as a single currency. Its main task is to ensure close coordination of economic policies within the euro area. It also seeks to promote conditions for stronger economic growth, prepares Eurozone summits, and monitors their outcomes.

The Eurogroup usually meets once a month, on the eve of the Economic and Financial Affairs Council (ECOFIN) meeting. The first Eurogroup meeting was held on 4 June 1998 in Luxembourg. Its presidents have included Jean-Claude Juncker, Jeroen Dijsselbloem, Mario Centeno and Pascal Donohoe.

From Grexit fears to Eurozone leadership

The assumption of the Eurogroup presidency by a Greek minister carries strong symbolism. A decade after the peak of the debt crisis—when Greece stood on the brink of exiting the euro—the country is now widely regarded as a model of fiscal adjustment, stability and rapid debt reduction.

According to European sources, Mr Pierrakakis’s selection reflects not only “the restoration of Greece’s credibility” but also his ability to balance differing political and economic currents within the EU. Notably, Germany publicly supported his candidacy, alongside countries aligned with both the European People’s Party and the Social Democrats—an unusual convergence that highlights the broad acceptance of the Greek proposal.

Congratulations from European officials

The outcome was swiftly welcomed by European officials. Latvia’s Finance Minister was among the first to offer congratulations, emphasising that the Eurogroup “needs a clear strategy, a defined goal and collective commitment for the period ahead”. Former Eurogroup President Jeroen Dijsselbloem remarked that “Greece is now an example for many member states”, highlighting the country’s remarkable transition from fiscal instability to economic credibility.

A position of increased influence: what Greece gains

The presidency is not merely symbolic; it allows Greece to play a more active role in shaping the Eurogroup’s agenda, including issues closely linked to national priorities:

  • strengthening the debate on insularity within the EU
  • migration management and the security of Europe’s external borders
  • responses to geopolitical challenges from the East
  • participation in discussions at G7 and G20 level, where Greece will now have a stronger voice

The leadership change comes at a time of major European challenges, including the need to enhance competitiveness, manage trade tensions with the United States, address China’s growing influence, and meet obligations for increased defence spending within the NATO framework.

Pierrakakis’s four priorities for Europe

The Greek Minister has already outlined a clear roadmap for Europe’s economic future. In a detailed 1,500-word letter sent to Eurozone finance ministers to formally present his candidacy, Kyriakos Pierrakakis described a Eurogroup that is more cohesive, more effective and more focused on Europe’s deep strategic challenges. His programme is built around four key pillars:

  1. Strengthening economic convergence and cohesion within the Eurozone
  2. Deepening the Savings and Investment Union to channel more European capital into productive investment
  3. Integrating technological progress into European fiscal policy to safeguard EU competitiveness
  4. Protecting Europe’s economic foundations through fiscal responsibility and by addressing structural challenges such as demographics, productivity and financial stability

This election opens a new chapter for Greece. For the next two and a half years—and potentially beyond—the country will lead the body that shapes the fiscal trajectory of the Eurozone. It marks not only Greece’s return to the forefront of the European economic landscape, but also broad recognition of the stability and credibility it has built over the past decade.

Austria Strengthens Support for ICC Trust Fund for Victims

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Austria Strengthens Support for ICC Trust Fund for Victims

Austria, a State Party to the International Criminal Court (ICC), has reaffirmed its commitment to international justice and the rights of victims by making a voluntary contribution of EUR 146,000 to the ICC Trust Fund for Victims (TFV) in 2025. Of this amount, EUR 100,000 will directly support survivors of sexual and gender-based violence, while EUR 46,000 is provided as unrestricted funding to support reparation awards ordered by the ICC and other programmes benefiting victims.

Welcoming the contribution, H.E. Kevin Kelly, member of the TFV Board of Directors, said: “I wish to express my appreciation to Austria. This increased contribution underscores Austria’s continued support for the work of the Trust Fund for Victims. As the TFV expands its reach and impact, sustained and increased contributions are essential. Austria’s leadership sets an example, and we hope this commitment will continue—and even grow—in the years ahead.”

H.E. Engelbert Theuermann, Ambassador of Austria to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, added: “Supporting those at the very heart of international criminal law—the victims—remains of crucial importance. We are particularly pleased that Austria consistently contributes to the Trust Fund for Victims, reaffirming the vital role of supporting victims of international crimes.”

Austria has been providing voluntary contributions to the ICC Trust Fund for Victims annually since 2007, demonstrating a long-standing commitment to supporting victims of the gravest crimes. Contributions have steadily increased since 2020, reflecting Austria’s sustained and growing support for the TFV’s mission.

Azerbaijani Ambassador Hosts Lively Gathering for Qarabağ–Ajax Champions League Match

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Azerbaijani Ambassador Hosts Lively Gathering for Qarabağ–Ajax Champions League Match

On 10 December, H.E. Mr. Mammad Ahmadzada, Ambassador of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, hosted an informal viewing event for the UEFA Champions League match between Qarabağ FK and AFC Ajax. The gathering took place at the Leonardo Royal Hotel in The Hague and brought together a diverse and enthusiastic audience.

From as early as 6 p.m., ambassadors, diplomats, members of the Azerbaijani community, Dutch business leaders, and friends and supporters of Ajax began arriving—many coming directly from professional engagements and other diplomatic events. The atmosphere quickly became animated as guests filled the hall, forming a convivial mix of supporters from both sides.

Ambassador Ahmadzada warmly welcomed everyone and encouraged guests to feel entirely free to cheer for their preferred team. This set the tone for an evening marked by genuine enjoyment, embodying the spirit of sports diplomacy at its best.

The match itself proved as exciting as the ambiance in the room. Qarabağ opened the scoring early and regained the lead shortly after halftime, showcasing the skill that has made the team a source of national pride.

Qarabağ–Ajax Champions League Match Dec 10th, 2025. Pictures by Khatira A Lazada.

Match Highlights:
• Qarabağ took an early lead through Camilo Durán (10′).
• Kasper Dolberg equalised just before half-time (39′), scoring his first open-play Champions League goal of the season.
• Matheus Silva restored Qarabağ’s lead early in the second half (47′).
• Ajax mounted a dramatic comeback in the final 15 minutes with goals from:
– Oscar Gloukh (79′)
– Anton Gaaei (82′)
– Oscar Gloukh (90′) sealing the 4–2 victory.

Ajax’s win marked their first Champions League victory of the 2025–26 campaign, making the evening’s match all the more memorable for Dutch supporters. Despite the result, Azerbaijani attendees applauded their team’s strong performance, while Ajax fans celebrated a decisive group-stage win. The shared excitement, suspense, and mutual respect highlighted how football can unite people in a single collective experience.

Ambassador Ahmadzada during Qarabağ–Ajax Champions League Match. Pictures by Khatira A Lazada.

Before kick-off, Ambassador Ahmadzada addressed the audience, expressing gratitude and emphasizing the significance of Qarabağ for Azerbaijan:

“Thank you very much for coming and for sharing our joy and excitement. Qarabağ holds a special place in the hearts of all Azerbaijanis. Founded in 1951, the club has become not only one of the most successful sports teams of our country, but also a symbol of resilience, unity, and national pride. Despite the challenges faced over the past 30 years, Qarabağ has continued to represent Azerbaijan on the international stage with dignity and determination.

Tonight is also a celebration of friendship between Azerbaijan and the Netherlands. We believe that sport brings nations closer together, and we hope that this match will further strengthen the ties between our two countries. I know we have many Ajax fans among us, so please do not hesitate to cheer, celebrate, and express your excitement. This evening is for everyone to enjoy together.”

Qarabağ–Ajax Champions League Match. Pictures by Khatira A Lazada.

The evening concluded in a friendly and relaxed mood, with guests exchanging impressions about the match while enjoying the hospitality of the Azerbaijani Embassy. It was a memorable event that strengthened diplomatic ties, and brought together communities through one of the world’s most universal passions: football.

The Ambassador Lecture Series at Maastricht: Law, Diplomacy and the Question of Palestine

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The Ambassador Lecture Series at Maastricht: Law, Diplomacy and the Question of Palestine

By students Gaia Ziliani, Matys Javier Perez Bivar, Ourania Vasileiadou.

On 30 October 2025, H.E. Ammar Hijazi, Head of the Palestinian Mission to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, delivered a lecture organised under the Maastricht Centre for Human Rights at the Faculty of Law of Maastricht University, titled ‘Charting the State of Palestine’s Legal and Diplomatic Efforts for Self-Determination’.

The event took place within The Ambassador Lecture Series, convened by Professor Fabián Raimondo at the Faculty of Law. The series regularly brings distinguished diplomats to Maastricht University to engage with students and staff on contemporary global issues.

Welcomed by faculty members and students, Ambassador Hijazi opened with a reflection on the enduring challenge that the question of Palestine poses to international law. The session quickly evolved into a lively dialogue, with students expressing strong interest and posing incisive questions.

Law, legality and the Palestinian claim

 Ambassador Hijazi underscored the importance of respecting and applying international law, warning against the widening gap between legality and illegality. ‘Legality has not been defeated,’ he observed, ‘even if the feeling may be justified by current events. After all, Palestine’s claim is straightforward: to make the law prevail. Because if not, then what else?’

He also shared insights into his daily diplomatic responsibilities – engaging with Dutch authorities, parliamentarians, municipalities and international institutions. Despite growing public sympathy, he noted that European governments remain hesitant to act decisively or cut ties with Israel.

The three authors of the article; Ourania Vasileiadou, Gaia Ziliani, and Matys Javier Perez Bivar.

Charting Palestinian diplomatic and legal efforts

Setting out Palestine’s legal and diplomatic strategy, Ambassador Hijazi reflected on historical injustices which, he argued, trace back to debates at the United Nations in 1947, where diplomacy and international law were, in his view, used to erase Palestine and the Palestinian people. He added that there have been misleading attempts to equate the occupier with the occupied and to normalise the occupation, allowing Israel, with international impunity, to continue the colonisation of Palestinian land and the ethnic cleansing of the Palestinian people. According to Ambassador Hijazi, in pursuit of justice the Palestinian leadership adopted diplomacy and international law – the same instruments he considers were historically used against Palestinians – to reassert their place on the global stage.

The Palestinian approach, he said, aimed to challenge what he described as Israel’s entrenched illegal colonial regime of occupation and apartheid. In light of what he characterised as genocide and ongoing dispossession, he argued that this approach has enabled the pursuit of justice and accountability.

Despite political pressure, threats and sanctions, Palestine, he maintained, has insisted on its chosen path and its commitment to international law. Such efforts, he said, culminated in landmark decisions of the International Court of Justice on 9 July 2004, 19 July 2024 and 22 October 2025. The original objective, he noted, was to protect Palestinian rights and to ensure Palestine’s place in a law-based international system; today, he argued, the undertaking also seeks to protect the integrity of the post-Second World War legal order of human rights and international law.

A test case for international law

For the Ambassador, Palestine has become a test case for international law and for the credibility of the International Court of Justice. The recent tragic events, he stressed, confront the West with a fundamental question: is the commitment to the legal order it created stronger than geopolitical instinct? ‘We cannot defend the law in theory while financing its violations in practice,’ he said, adding that, by addressing Palestine, the Court has ‘placed the issue under the eyes of the world and opened a path for hope’.

Humanitarian law and the weaponisation of hunger

Ambassador Hijazi highlighted the severe humanitarian consequences of ongoing violations of international humanitarian law, focusing in particular on the weaponisation of hunger. He referred to the Court’s advisory opinion of 22 October 2025, which, he noted, unanimously affirmed Israel’s obligations under international humanitarian law, including the prohibition of starvation of civilians as a method of warfare.

A call for justice and legality

Concluding his lecture, the Ambassador reaffirmed that, while the struggle is far from over, the path to lasting peace remains clear: ending the occupation through a historic ruling of the Court and a United Nations resolution, and recognising Palestine’s right to self-determination and statehood. He called on the international community to stand up for Palestine, for international justice and for the rule of law, reminding all that we owe it to future generations to ensure that legality prevails – and that every step in that direction matters.

For inquiries about The Ambassador Lecture Series, please contact the convener, Professor Fabián Raimondo, at fabian.raimondo@maastrichtuniversity.nl.

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