ICC launches Facebook campaign
ICC launches #justicematters Facebook campaign and Outreach blog to commemorate 17 July, the Day of International Criminal Justice.
The International Criminal Court (ICC) is launching a new two-weeks #justicematters social media campaign on Facebook from 6 to 17 July, the Day of International Criminal Justice, inviting submissions on why #justicematters to you. At the same time, the ICC is launching a new Outreach blog to share stories from ICC staff working directly with communities affected by crimes.
Facebook campaign
The Court invites you to fill in a #justicematters poster, with a word or phrase to describe why #justicematters to you. Take selfies, or make vines or videos, and post it on our Facebook page
(https://www.facebook.com/pages/17JulyJusticeMatters/710469159099648?fref=ts)
Remember to tell us where you are from and we will add you to our #justicematters world map.
Blog
Follow our new Outreach blog (https://www.tumblr.com/search/iccoutreach) launching in the lead-up to 17 July, and hear stories from ICC staff working directly with communities affected by crimes under the Court’s jurisdiction: genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. Contributing writers engage grassroots communities to inform them about victims’ rights, explain judicial proceedings, answer questions, address concerns, and foster realistic expectations about the Court’s work.
Embassy Art Exhibition: Embassies and artists in Wassenaar.
On the picture Titus Bovenberg’s art.
Diplomat Magazine and Art Gallery Patries van Dorst are together launching a new initiative for the benefit of embassies, art and artists. In October 2015, the very first edition of the Embassy Art Exhibition will be held at the beautiful estate of Kasteel de Wittenburg, Wassenaar.
In what will become an annual event, embassies will exhibit the finest art from their respective countries in the Art Gallery Patries van Dorst over a four-week period. A “vernissage” reception will take place each Wednesday to be co-hosted by the embassies of the exhibiting artists. Exhibitions will begin on October 14th and will run until November 10th.
Expats from the country of each embassy will be invited to enjoy the exhibition, as will The Hague’s diplomatic community and the wider Dutch public. Diplomat Magazine and Art Gallery Patries van Dorst will promote this event extensively to a very broad audience including expats, diplomats, state officials, the national press and the wider public.
Galerie Patries van Dorst is an art gallery displaying and promoting contemporary art from both Dutch and international artists. It is set in the beautiful location of the coach house on the estate of Kasteel de Wittenburg, Wassenaar.
“It is overwhelming to receive so many enthusiastic reactions and confirmations regarding our invitation to join the first edition of the Embassy Art Exhibition from embassies” declared Carel Reisch, owner of the gallery.
This exciting joint initiative between Diplomat Magazine and Patries van Dorst is set to become an unmissable event on the diplomatic calendar for discerning residents of and visitors to The Hague.
Galerie Patries van Dorst is an art gallery displaying and promoting contemporary art from both Dutch and international artists. It is set in the beautiful location of the coach house on the estate of Kasteel de Wittenburg, Wassenaar.
“It is overwhelming to receive so many enthusiastic reactions and confirmations regarding our invitation to join the first edition of the Embassy Art Exhibition from embassies” declared Carel Reisch, owner of the gallery.
This exciting joint initiative between Diplomat Magazine and Patries van Dorst is set to become an unmissable event on the diplomatic calendar for discerning residents of and visitors to The Hague.
Dubai Holding appoints new Vice-chairman and CEO
By Christoph Haebler and Baron Henri Estramant.
Dubai Holding, the investment vehicle of the Emirate of Dubai, UAE, has promoted two management members to the roles of managing director and chief executive. Namely incumbent CEO Ahmed Bin Byat has been promoted to vice-chairman and managing director, according to a statement by Dubai Holding. Byat holds several other positions in the Emirate of Dubai, including chairman of telecoms provider du and director general of Dubai Technology and the Media Free Zone Authority.
Chief Operating Officer Fadel bin Abdulbaqi Al Ali is appointed to the position of CEO. Al Ali is also chairman of the board at the investment firm Dubai International Capital, is a board member of du, the Dubai Financial Services Authority, Emaar Properties as well as hotel operator Jumeirah Group.
Dubai Holding assets are valued at $35.39 billion according to its own estimations. Among companies owned by Dubai Holding are Delvaux and Flamant ( Belgium).
For more information
Dubai Holding:
http://dubaiholding.com/about-dubai-holding/management
Fadel bin Abdulbaqi Al Ali: http://www.jumeirah.com/en/jumeirah-group/about-jumeirah-group/board-of-directors/fadel-abdulbaqi-al-ali1/
Dubai International Capital: www.dubaiic.com/
Telecom Du: www.du.ae/
Hague Court orders Dutch State to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
By: Steffen van der Velde LL.M., researcher EU law, T.M.C. Asser Instituut, The Hague.
By ruling of the District Court of The Hague,[1] current Dutch climate change policy was deemed to be in breach of the State’s ‘duty of care’ versus Dutch NGO ‘Urgenda’, and the Dutch State was subsequently ordered to reduce Dutch greenhouse gas emissions by 25% for the year 2020 as compared to the year 1990. Based on the prevailing scientific views, Urgenda argued that in order to attain the well-known ‘2°C-target’, a global reduction of 25-40 % in 2020, and 80-95% by 2050 is required.[2] This line of reasoning was in casu also accepted by the State. Through several international agreements and through EU law, the Netherlands has committed itself to the attainment of these objectives.
Present Dutch climate change policy, however, is largely based on the ‘Energy Agreement’[3] concluded between government, businesses, NGOs and other stakeholders in September 2013, which will limit emissions by 14-17% in 2020. The Court concluded that taking such ‘less adequate’ measures can only be justified when economically unjustifiable costs would be incurred or when new scientific insights come to light. The Dutch government failed to convincingly argue that this was indeed the case. Hence, the Court concluded that the State should mitigate the effects of climate change ‘as much’ and ‘as quickly’ as possible.[4]
The Dutch Minister of Economic Affairs reacted by explaining that the State is already doing everything within its powers to tackle climate change, and that the attainment of the objectives as agreed upon in the Energy Agreement is hard enough as it is.[5] For now, the government is ‘carefully reading the judgement’ and will render its decision whether or not to appeal in August 2015.
Do you want to find out more about the impact of the Urgenda decision or the climate change debate in general? Sign up for the Asser Summer Programme on International and European Environmental Law, 24 – 28 August 2015, at: www.asser.nl/SummerProgrammeIEEL
[1] District Court of The Hague, Stichting Urgenda v. De Staat der Nederlanden (Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Milieu), judgment, case nr. C/09/456689, HA ZA 13-1396, 24 June 2015. Hereafter: judgement.
[2] Par. 4.29 Judgment.
[3] Sociaal Economische Raad, Energieakkoord voor duurzame groei, 6 September 2013. Available (in Dutch) at: http://www.energieakkoordser.nl/energieakkoord.aspx, retrieved at 30 June 2015.
[4] Par. 4.73 Judgment.
[5] NOS, Kamp niet bezig met verdere beperking CO2-uitstoot, http://nos.nl/artikel/2043563-kamp-niet-bezig-met-verdere-beperking-co2-uitstoot.html, 26 June 2015.
“Vormidable” exhibition in The Hague
Edited and translated by Baron Henri Estramant , Photography by Robin van Lonkhuijsen.
Their Majesties Queen Máxima of the Netherlands and Queen Mathilde of the Belgians opened on 20 May 2015 at the Lange Voorhout in The Hague the exhibition ‘Vormidable Hedendaagse Vlaamse Beeldhouwkunst’ (Vormidable Contemporary Flemish Sculptures).
The oeuvres being exhibited hail from established as well as young upcoming artists. This exhibition is part of the Museum Beelden aan Zee (Sculptures by the Sea) and partly a manifestation entitled “BesteBuren” (Best neighbours). With this manifestation 20 years of cultural collaboration between The Netherlands and Flanders are being commemorated.
Main curator is the Flemish Stef van Bellingen of the cultural platform for contemporary art in Flanders (WARP). In total there are 35 artists exhibited. The exhibition encompasses classical human figures, sculptures of monumental size as well as miniatures.
Vormidable is exhibited until 30 August around the Lange Voorhout in The Hague as well as at the Museum Sculptures by the Sea in Scheveningen. Thereafter the exhibition shall also move to the Flemish Cultural House de Brakke Grond in Amsterdam and the City Hall De Pauw in Wassenaar.
The exhibition was made possible thanks to the cultural commitment of Royal Belgian Ambassador Chris Hoornaert and his staff.
Source and picture, RVD, nr. 172: www.koninklijkhuis.nl/nieuws/nieuwsberichten/2015/april/koningin-maxima-en-koningin-mathilde-openen-beeldententoonstelling-vormidable/
For more information
Embassy of Belgium to The Netherlands:
http://diplomatie.belgium.be/netherlands/
Delegation of Flanders in The Netherlands: www.vlaanderen.be/int/den-haag/
Museum Sculptures by the Sea: http://beeldenaanzee.nl/
Flemish Cultural House de Brakke Grond: www.brakkegrond.nl/en
Vormidable in The Hague: http://denhaag.com/nl/event/24111/hedendaagse-vlaamse-beeldhouwkunst-op-het-lange-voorhout?eventId=24111
A Union closer to its citizens – Luxembourg Presidency of the Council of the European Union.
By H. E. Ambassador Christian Braun, Permanent Representative of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg to the European Union.
Although this will be Luxembourg’s 12th Presidency, by no means are we less proud of it. The 2015 Presidency comes 10 years after the previous Luxembourg Presidency in 2005.
As a founding member of the European Union, Luxembourg has witnessed all the changes and developments of the European integration process. From the initial project, which brought together 6 countries, to the Union of 28 Member States representing over 500 million citizens, Europe has evolved considerably. For Luxembourg, the 2015 Presidency will be the first one since the entry into force, on the 1st of December 2009, of the Lisbon Treaty – a treaty which changed substantially the relations between the different European institutions.
Fundamentally, it will be the job of the Presidency – as an honest broker – to continue and finish work on the files that are currently in the negotiation process by adopting Council positions and by starting negotiations with the Parliament. Furthermore, we’ll work towards substantial progress on the migration proposals currently on the table. Our Presidency will also be at the heart of a rethinking of the principles of international taxation and we want to ensure that significant progress is being made both internationally as well as inside the EU.
As an agenda-setter, it is also the job of the Presidency to put issues on the agenda whose time has come. Not because they are good for Luxembourg, but because they are good for the EU as a whole. Revitalising the European single market by focusing on its digital agenda is the perfect example of such a solution. We want to address the issue of geoblocking while defragmenting the single market and broadening its access for SMEs. And even though there won’t be any easy solutions, we will work hard on trade files, especially on TTIP negotiations but also on data protection, a file as important in the JHA-domain as it is for the development of the single market.
As Presidency of the Council, we also have to coordinate the position of the EU in a view to strengthen its presence on the global stage, which we’ll try to achieve in the ongoing climate negotiations for instance. Together with our French colleagues, we will uphold the ambitious targets the EU has defined for itself – reaffirming its leadership in climate action. The UN climate negotiation process ties in with the post-2015 development agenda, an important file for Luxembourg and a process in which our Presidency will play an equally important role as we’ll work hard to promote a strong EU position.
To conclude, let me stress that Luxembourg is proud to be able to provide its contribution. Within my government as well as within the different public administrations, there is a great willingness and eagerness to make this twelfth Luxembourg Presidency into a success both for the EU and for its citizens.
OPCW and The Hague: Partners in Peace
By Ambassador Ahmet Üzümcü, Director-General, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW).
The OPCW and its States Parties marked an important yet somber commemoration as it relates to our mission to rid the world of chemical weapons. On 21 April, the town of Ieper in Belgium hosted a commemorative event by the OPCW marking one hundred years since the first large-scale use of chemical weapons during World War I. Attended by nearly one hundred Ambassadors and over three hundred participants, the event called attention to the important mission of our organisation, and it reaffirmed our determination to achieve a future forever free from these terrible weapons.
A century ago, in Flanders, chlorine gas was used as a weapon for the first time, initiating the widespread use of chemical weapons throughout World War I. That first use in fields near Ieper resulted in the death of 5,000 soldiers, with twice that number wounded by the chemical attack. The pervasiveness of chemical weapons throughout the war would leave over 90,000 dead by the end of the war, with over a million injured by such brutal weapons.
At the historic gathering in Ieper, our 190 States Parties issued a declaration reiterating their commitment to ban the production, use and possession of chemical weapons. The “Ieper Declaration” honoured the memory of all victims of chemical warfare, and it is intended to serve as a lasting reminder of our shared commitment and firm resolve to ensure that chemical weapons are never again made or used.
Many are not aware that some of the earliest efforts to prohibit these toxic weapons began in The Hague, well before their frequent use in World War I. Negotiated at two international peace conferences in 1899 and 1907, The Hague Conventions were formative attempts to prohibit the use of chemical weapons under international law. These initial efforts, and the 1925 Geneva Protocol, eventually led to the Chemical Weapons Convention, an international treaty that bans the use, possession and development of an entire class of weapons of mass destruction.
Since the Convention’s entry into force in 1997, the OPCW, the organisation charged with implementing the treaty, has made significant progress in realising the goal of a world free of these barbarous weapons. The Organisation has so far overseen the destruction of 87% of existing stocks of chemical weapons spanning 98% of the world’s territory and population. We anticipate that all remaining stocks will be destroyed within the next eight years. This will be the first time that an entire class of weapons of mass destruction will have been eliminated under international verification. This development will certainly be a major milestone towards global peace and security. Furthermore, we hope that the remaining six countries will join the OPCW in the near future in order to achieve full universality of the Convention.
As the internationally recognised city for peace and justice, The Hague is uniquely suited to host an organisation that is working to ensure a world free of chemical weapons.
During my tenure as Director-General, the OPCW has enjoyed excellent relations with the City of The Hague, especially our strong personal and professional links with Mayor Jozias van Aartsen and his team. This past month, it was a great honour to join Deputy Mayor, Ms Ingrid van Engelshoven, in Washington to showcase The Hague’s international institutions during Hague Week. Additionally, to create a lasting legacy of the 2013 Nobel Peace Prize awarded to the OPCW, the Organisation, in partnership with the City of The Hague, established the annual “OPCW-The Hague Award.” This award is intended to honour and recognise individuals and non-profit, non-governmental organisations that have made an outstanding contribution to advance the goals of global chemical disarmament. And we continue to reach out to students by giving lectures and presentations on our mission, and open our doors to residents of the city on the city’s annual International Day.
We cannot imagine a more fitting home for the OPCW than The Hague. As we move towards a future free from chemical weapons, we look forward to strengthening our bonds with our host city in our common pursuit of a more just and peaceful world.
Justice et paix internationales : la contribution de la République Dominicaine
Par S.E. M. Philippe Couvreur, Greffier de la Cour internationale de Justice.
La République dominicaine comptait parmi les quarante-quatre États représentés lors de la seconde Conférence internationale de la Paix, tenue à La Haye du 15 juin au 19 octobre 1907. Par sa présence, aux côtés de seize autres Etats d’Amérique latine et des Caraïbes (Argentine, Bolivie, Brésil, Chili, Colombie, Cuba, Equateur, Guatemala, Haïti, Mexique, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Pérou, El Salvador et Uruguay), elle contribua à la composition géographiquement plus équilibrée de cette conférence, le Mexique ayant été le seul, parmi ces pays, à être invité à participer à la première Conférence internationale de la Paix en 1899.
Ces deux réunions internationales ont représenté une nouvelle forme de diplomatie, les discussions n’ayant pas eu pour objet de régler les suites d’un conflit international, à l’instar des conférences connues jusqu’alors, mais au contraire de consolider et de développer le droit international, ainsi que de limiter la course aux armements, en vue de prévenir de futurs conflits et maintenir la paix.
Les Conférences de La Haye ont donné naissance à plusieurs conventions internationales d’importance majeure, visant à réglementer les méthodes de guerre — et posant à cet égard les bases du droit des conflits armés et du droit international humanitaire moderne —, et à institutionnaliser et encourager le recours aux modes de règlement pacifique des différends internationaux entre Etats.
Marqués par les interventions étrangères et les conflits au cours de leur histoire, et profondément attachés aux principes d’indépendance et d’égalité des Etats, les pays d’Amérique latine représentés à La Haye en 1907 furent de fervents avocats du développement de l’arbitrage international, lequel devait représenter, sinon le seul moyen légitime de règlement obligatoire des différends entre Etats, du moins le préalable impératif au recours aux armes.
La République dominicaine était de ces Etats si attachés à l’arbitrage international que le principe en était inscrit dans sa propre Constitution avant même qu’il ne soit consacré dans des conventions internationales générales, et à une époque, faut-il le rappeler, où la guerre était encore un moyen admis de régler les conflits. La Constitution de la République Dominicaine adoptée en 1880 disposait ainsi que « les pouvoirs chargés par la loi de déclarer la guerre ne devront pas le faire sans avoir auparavant proposé l’arbitrage d’un gouvernement ami ».
C’est à la République dominicaine que revient le mérite d’avoir formulé en premier, lors de la Conférence de 1907, la proposition la plus audacieuse qui soit imaginable : rendre l’arbitrage obligatoire pour tous les Etats, et pour tout type de différend pouvant survenir entre eux, dès lors qu’ils ne pourraient les régler par des moyens diplomatiques. La délégation dominicaine ne se nourrissait pas d’illusions et reconnaissait, en exprimant ce vœu en faveur de l’arbitrage international obligatoire et sans restriction, que le jour n’était alors pas encore arrivé « où toutes les nations, harmonisant leurs divers intérêts avec les intérêts les plus hauts de l’humanité et de la vraie civilisation du monde, [pourraient se mettre] d’accord sur le mode de réaliser une telle aspiration ». Aussi, et en dépit des progrès continus de l’arbitrage international dans la pratique internationale au XIXe siècle, les Etats réunis à La Haye en 1907 se sont-ils bornés à déclarer, dans l’Acte final de la Conférence, leur foi dans le principe de l’arbitrage obligatoire, sans s’engager formellement et de manière générale à y recourir à l’avenir.
La délégation de la République dominicaine, composée de Francisco Henriquez I Carvajal, ancien Ministre des affaires étrangères et futur éphémère président de la République (1916), et de Apolinar Tejera, alors recteur de l’Institut professionnel de Saint Domingue, s’est par ailleurs illustrée en défendant le principe d’une très large interdiction du recours à la force pour le recouvrement de réclamations pécuniaires. Ce principe, élaboré par le célèbre juriste et ministre des affaires étrangères argentin, Luis Drago, fut inscrit dans la fameuse Convention « Drago-Porter », adoptée par la seconde Conférence de La Haye. Cette Convention constitua le premier jalon vers l’interdiction générale de l’emploi de la force entre Etats, consacrée au lendemain de la seconde Guerre mondiale.
Après que son territoire fut une nouvelle fois occupé (1916-1924), la République dominicaine rejoignit la Société des Nations en septembre 1924. Fidèle aux idéaux de la justice internationale qu’elle avait défendus à La Haye en 1907, Saint Domingue souscrit alors à la compétence obligatoire de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale, première véritable juridiction permanente et universelle à voir le jour, à laquelle la Cour internationale de Justice a succédé en 1946. Membre fondateur de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, la République dominicaine fait partie des soixante et onze Etats qui acceptent à ce jour, de manière générale et par avance, que tous leurs différends juridiques puissent être soumis au jugement, obligatoire et définitif, de la plus haute juridiction internationale.
Le vœu qu’exprimait la République dominicaine, il y a plus d’un siècle à La Haye, de voir l’ensemble des Etats adhérer au principe d’une justice internationale obligatoire ne s’est certes pas pleinement concrétisé à ce jour ; sa contribution à la réalisation des premiers pas effectués dans cette direction doit néanmoins être saluée.
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Gaining a wider perspective on water
Dr. Ger Bergkamp, Executive Director, The International Water Association.
The role of the IWA Executive Director is a diverse one often requiring a ‘helicopter view’. Taking off this time, however, things were a little different. There I was sitting behind the instruments: compass, alti-meter, radio frequency, time…”Alpha, Bravo, Whiskey ready to go” – “winds 4.5 mph at 43 degrees” – “Alpha, Bravo, Whiskey you can start”. With some final taxiing, acceleration and pulling the steering wheel towards me, there we were … climbing to 1000 feet, the harbour of Rotterdam stretching out before us.
While I normally favor a “two feet on the ground” approach, sometimes it helps to gain height and get a broader perspective. This is increasingly important within the water sector. A wider audience of non-water professionals is recognizing the need to take water management much more seriously, in all countries. A recent opinion poll amongst world leaders attending the World Economic Forum highlighted the ‘Water Crisis’ as one of the top 3 global risks. Together with impacts from floods and droughts and effects of climate change, whose impact are very much water related, water management is perceived to be one of the top ‘systemic risks’ of the world today. It is thought to be a risk of high impact and high likelihood effecting global supply chains, regional stability and economic performance.
We have thus arrived at a situation in which many actors ‘outside’ the water sector are paying more and more attention to the risks associated with neglecting the role of water. For water professionals this provides a valuable opportunity to show what benefits good water management provides. What are we doing to mitigate water as a risk and inspire a change by turning the ‘Water Crisis’ into a fundamental opportunity for a transformation towards more sustainable societies?
The way we manage water over the coming decades will have a profound impact on future societies, economies, peace and sustainability. Within the International Water Association we believe we need to move from water as a ‘risk’ and a ‘crisis’ to focus on fostering responsibility, capturing opportunities, and promoting new solutions to water challenges. This could be summarized in nothing less than mounting ‘water revolution’.
At the heart of this water revolution are the 5Rs of new water management: reduce, reuse, recover, recycle and replenish. Reducing loss of water and increasing water efficiency can reduce costs and lower water stress in cities and irrigated lands alike. Re-using industrial and domestic water can increase supplies to growing demand for clean water at the right time and place. Recovering water, energy, nutrients and other materials from wastewater can turn a ‘waste’ into a valuable resource. Recycling precious nutrients from wastewater and turning them in fertilizers for agriculture production is increasingly practiced around the world. And finally, we have started to replenish the water resources base. Successful pilots and large-scale applications are underway around the world to restore watersheds, clean-up lakes and refill depleted groundwater reserves. These efforts combined form an important pillar of building a cyclical green economy.
To foster the change in perceptions around water, diplomats and water professionals need to work closer together to prioritize water solutions. One of the opportunities to do so is in September this year, when the United Nations General Assembly is set to adopt the Sustainable Development Goals, including a specific goal on water security and safety. It arises again in December this year when governments aim to reach a global agreement on halting climate change, the impacts of which are felt strongly through water – mainly extreme weather events like floods and droughts, which are becoming more frequent and more severe.
In October this year the International Water Association is organizing the “West Asia Water Summit” as part of the IWA Water and Development Congress 2015. The Summit will bring together leading diplomats, politicians, water professionals and opinion leaders to debate new ways to tackle the water challenges in the Middle East and North Africa and prioritize new solutions. Cooperation across borders is fundamental for water to become a driving force for growth and stability in the region. Countries must act together, act responsibly and act swiftly; there is little time to lose.
I see the IWA’s water diplomacy as a key mechanism to enable inter-governmental networking, and building trust amongst those professionals that are leading the development and implementation of new water solutions. For many of the participants it will be their opportunity to gain a wider perspective and reflect on pathways beyond the current water crisis in the region and seeing water as a new opportunity.
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The International Water Association is the global network of water professionals working on the most pressing water issues. A unique knowledge hub for the water sector and anyone concerned about a sustainable water future, the IWA brings people together to share knowledge, experience and know-how and to innovate new solutions to water challenges. The IWA connects scientists, practitioners and communities so that pioneering research can underpin new solutions; it fosters technological innovation, supports sustainability and drives best practice through international frameworks and standards.
Our oceans and our future
By Barend ter Haar.
Science, the famous weekly of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, published on July 3 a review article[1] that deserves wide attention, because the conclusions are of concern to us all.
The title Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different anthropogenic CO2 emissions scenarios might not directly seem very interesting, but the abstract certainly is. To put it in perspective, we should start with noting that the oceans and seas cover about two thirds of the earth’s surface, provide food for millions of people and other services such as coastal protection and play an important role in regulating global climate.
The researchers, from renowned institutes in inter alia Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Switzerland, Great Britain and the United States, have compared two contrasting CO2 scenarios. The first scenario is based on continuation of current emissions, the business-as-usual scenario. The second scenario is based on the hypothesis that the mean increase of global temperatures will be kept below 2°C, as agreed at the Copenhagen summit.
The authors note first of all that the until now limited warming and acidification of surface ocean waters has already affected many marine organisms and services provided by the ocean’s ecosystem. The question they try to answer is what the impact will be on marine organisms and the ocean’s ecosystem when CO2 emissions continue to grow.
On the basis of field observations and of experiments and models, the experts predict that even under the second restrictive scenario inter alia corals, clams, mussels and oysters will be “at high risk” by 2100. Under the business-as-usual many of the marine organisms evaluated will be at “very high risk” by 2050.
In the below 2°C scenario the impact on most of the ocean’s ecosystem services is expected to remain moderate during this century, but the business-as-usual scenario would put ecosystem services “at high or very high risk”.
These problems would moreover be aggravated by the impact of other human activities, such as overexploitation of living resources, habitat destruction and pollution.
The authors state that international climate negotiations have so far paid too little attention to the impact of climate change on the oceans. They point to the high risk of impacts well before 2100, even under the second scenario and add that these impacts “will occur across all latitudes, making this a global concern beyond the north/south divide”.
They argue that immediate reduction of CO2 emissions is required “to prevent the massive and mostly irreversible impacts on ocean ecosystems and their services” and warn that as the level of CO2 in the atmosphere increases “protection, adaptation, and repair options for the ocean become fewer and less effective”.
It will be interesting to see how governments will react and whether the coming Paris Climate Conference will decide on measures that minimize the impact of climate change on the oceans.
[1] Science 3 July 2015: Vol. 349 no. 6243. See also the editorial: The beyond-two-degree inferno
