By Baron Henri Estramant.   Bahrain Chamber of Commerce and Industry is celebrating its diamond jubilee since it was created seventy five years ago as the Gulf region’s very first organ fostering trade under the name “General Traders’ Association”. In 1945 the name was altered to “Bahrain Chamber of Commcer”, but was rebaptised yet again in 1967 to acquire the present name of “Bahrain Chamber of Commerce and Industry (BCCI). Its incumbent Chairman of the Board of Directors is Mr Khalid bin Abdulrahman bin Khalil Almoayed. Since the times of the Dilmun civilisation Bahrain has been deemed as a strategic trade and geographical location between Arabia and the Asia. The Prime Minister of Bahrain, HRH Prince Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa, is patron for the celebrations surrounding the diamond jubilee. On 31 March 2015, Prince Khalifa bin Salman was guest of honour in a feast at Bait al-Tijjar in Manama marking the joyous occasion. The BCCI remains the only institution representing the private sector in the Kingdom of Bahrain; it enjoys a solid reputation of professionalism and diversification unmatched in the Gulf. For additional pictures, please click here: https://www.flickr.com/photos/121611753@N07/sets/72157651346674620/

A new commercial élite’s training is encouraged by the country’s leadership. Just on 26 March 2015, His Highness Sheikh Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa, attended the ceremony for the leadership programme which bears his name in the framework of the Nasser bin Hamad Foundation in partnership with Yela!, a leading global provider of inspiring learning experiences encompassing the person’s self-awareness, communication skills, problem-solving skills, strategic thinking and personal authenticity. At the Expo Milano 2015, the Kingdom of Bahrain is due to present its agricultural heritage in combination with its industry. The pavilion was presented during a press conference held at Bahrain Fort Museum by Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities (BACA) President, HE Sheikha Mai bint Mohammed Al Khalifa. The expo begins officially on 1 May, and lasts six months. BACA is working closely with the Minister of Foreign Affairs, HE Sheikh Khalid bin Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Khalifa, to use Bahrain’s diplomatic network in promoting the country’s pavilion and cultural heritage globally. For more information: Bahrain Chamber of Commerce and Industry (BCCI): www.bcci.bh/en/Default.aspx Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities: http://www.moc.gov.bh/en/authority/StrategiccultureinKingdomofBahrain/ Nasser bin Hamad Foundation: www.nbhf.bh  

On the picture, Dr. Riad Al-Malki, Palestinian Foreign Minister. By Roy Lie A Tjam.   Special Public Lecture by Foreign Minister of the Palestinian Authority, Dr. Riad Al-Malki at the International Institute of Social Studies. The Hague 31 March 2015.   On January 2 2015, Palestine formally deposited its instrument of accession to the International Criminal Court in The Hague. Former ICC chief prosecutor Mr. Luis Ocampo had rejected Palestine’s request. Conversely, prosecutor Ms. Fatou Bensouda made it clear that due to change in the status by the UN, Palestine could now join the Rome Statute. ”It is very auspicious to see the ICC taking interest in the crimes committed against Palestine. Will Palestine joining the ICC put an end to impunity of the perpetrators? Will justice be done?” . On 1 April 2015, the ICC has held  a ceremony to formally recognize Palestine’s membership. In a special Public Lecture at the ISS, Minister Al-Malki discussed the implications of Palestine joining the ICC and the consequences of Israel’s election of March 15, 2015.       Prof. Dr. Leo de Haan (ISS) introduced Dr. Riad Al-Malki. Prof. Dr. de Haan remarked, ISS’ focus is on rendering a platform for justice, conflicts and equity. Dr. Al-Malki delivered his lecture in a very poised way, befitting a Foreign Minister. His presentation was accessible to many, not academically was requested. He related to various aspects of the 48 years of Israeli occupation of Palestine. Palestine will become the 123rd ICC member on 1 April 2015. Palestine, according to Dr. Al-Malki, will be pursuing justice, not vengeance. This will ultimately result in justice being done.         Palestinian people are aspiring to live a dignified life. Palestine sincerely hopes ICC will support that aspiration. Dr Al Malki noted that bilateral negotiations have achieved very little since Oslo 1993. The expectation was that by 1999 an agreement would have been reached. However, shortly before 1999, Palestine was made to understand, even warned, no Palestinian state would be forthcoming. Such a statement is tantamount to deceit. 1999 has proofed to be a farce. Palestinian transitional status has actually become permanent. What has been achieved is an increase in the number of Jewish settlements. Dr. Al-Malki would like to see the way in which negotiations are conducted, changed to a more organized manner. Terms of reference should be defined; a timetable and aim of negotiations should be clear, as well as the end result. Furthermore, a date, be it 2017, 2018 or even 2099. A date has to be set. The presence of a third party at the negotiating table is imperative! Could be anyone, USA, or even some extraterrestrial entity. Dr Al-Mal reiterated, 48 years of occupation and impunity, it is time for it to end.  

                                   

  By Jhr. mr. Alexander W. Beelaerts van Blokland, Justice (Judge) in the Court of Appeal and honorary Special Advisor International Affairs of the City of The Hague.   As you probably will know, The Hague is the International City of Peace and Justice as well as ‘the Legal Capital of the World’ as several Secretaries-General of the United Nations named The Hague, lately by Mr Ban Ki-moon during the Conference on 100 years Peace Palace on August 28th, 2013. Apart from Peace and Justice, there is another field in which The Hague is prominent: Security. Prominent organizations like the OPCW (Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons), Europol and NATO C1 Agency are based in The Hague. In February 2014 the Hague Security Delta (HSD) has been launched by the Minister for Security and Justice: a national innovation centre on security. In the same year The Hague organized very successfuly the worldwide Nuclear Security Summit (NSS) with State Presidents and prime ministers from all over the World present, including President Obama of the United States of America. Within the general subject ‘Security’ The Hague is more and more prominent in Cyber Security. International organizations like the European Cyber Crime Centre (EC3) as well as Dutch national organizations like the National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) are based in The Hague. In 2011 the British government organized the first Global Conference on CyberSpace, followed by a second one in Budapest (2012) and a third one in Seoel (2013). This year 2015 the Netherlands will host the 4th Global Conference on CyberSpace on April 16th and April 17th in the World Forum in The Hague. About 120 nations from all over the world will be represented by their Ministers of Foreign Affairs with their delegations, as well as by NGO’s and the private sector. The subjects are cyber security, cyber crime, freedom and privacy, economic growth and social benefits, international stability etcetera. Apart from the big conference there will be the Cyber Security Week of The Hague Security Delta (HSD) that will start on Monday April 13th. Also the International ONE Conference and the yearly congress of the National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) will take place that week in The Hague. The Hague is becoming more and more the International City of Peace, Justice and Security. a.beelaerts@planet.nl

By Missions of the Republic of Uzbekistan to the Benelux countries, the EU and NATO.   22 March is declared by the United Nations General Assembly as the «World Day for Water» in 1993.According the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, the access to safe drinking water and sanitation was among the most urgent issues affecting populations across the globe. Despite progress under the Millennium Development Goals, UN believes that some 750 million people, or more than 1 in 10 of the world’s population, remain without access to an improved water supply, the UN has reported. Moreover, the statistics on sanitation remain “even less encouraging” as some 2.5 billion people around the world still live without improved sanitation while another one billion practise open defecation. That is why Ban Ki-moon declared that the perils of climate change increasingly threaten the planet, the international community must unite in a spirit of urgent cooperation to address the many water-related challenges facing humanity. During the next decade, tensions and conflicts over access to water are likely to become more frequent and could endanger stability and security in many parts of the world. Managing the effects of climate change and demographic and economic development, as well as reconciling different uses of water resources such as drinking water and sanitation, agriculture, food production, industry and energy, are major water security challenges. Environmental problems and water management in Central Asia are the most serious challenges for further stable and sustainable development of region. In this regard, we welcome the EU Foreign Affairs Council Conclusions on Water Diplomacy of 22 July 2013, which calls for the promotion of the international UN conventions on use of trans-boundary watercourses which are important instruments to promote equitable, sustainable and integrated management of trans-boundary water resources. One of the gravest global environmental disasters of modern times is the tragedy of the Aral Sea facing the countries of Central Asia and their population of some 60 million. Its environmental, climatic, socioeconomic and humanitarian consequences make it a direct threat to sustainable development in the region, and to the health, gene pool and future of the people living there. The problems of the Aral Sea arose and expanded into a threat in the 1960s, as a result of the feckless regulation of the major cross-border rivers in the region – the Syr Darya and Amu Darya, which had previously provided some 56 cubic kilometres of water to the Aral Sea each year. A jump in the population in the area, urbanization, intensive land development and the construction of major hydrotechnical and irrigation facilities on the water courses of the Aral Sea basin carried out in previous years without regard for environmental consequences led to the dessication of one of the most beautiful bodies of water on the planet. Over the past 50 years, the total outflow from rivers into the Aral Sea has fallen almost 4.5 times, to an average of 12.7 cubic kilometers. The area of the sea’s surface is eight times smaller than it was, and the water volume has decreased by more than a factor of 13.The sand-salt Aralkum desert, with a surface area of more than 5.5 million hectares, is inexorably taking over the Aral region and now covers the dried-up portion of the sea that was once home to a wealth of flora and fauna and served as the natural climatic regulator of the adjacent areas. A complex set of ecological-climatic, socioeconomic and demographic problems with far-reaching, threatening global consequences has arisen in the Aral Sea region. Water pollution and the large salt and dust discharge from the bottom of the desiccated sea have contributed to the spread among the population of the Aral Sea region of a number of somatic diseases such as anaemia, diseases of the kidneys, blood, digestive system, respiratory organs and cardiovascular system, gallstones and other diseases. In order to mobilize the efforts of the world community to implement programs and projects dedicated to improving the environmental and socio-economic situation in the region of the Aral Sea and to boosting the international cooperation to weather the negative repercussions of the ecological disaster, an international conference “Cooperation in the Region of the Aral Sea Basin to Alleviate the Impact of the Environmental Catastrophe” took place on 28-29 October in the city of Urgench. In the framework of the conference a number agreements were signed for the implementation of national and regional projects in of 3 bln USD and 200 mln. USD out of them are the grants. It was attended by officials of 24 prominent international and regional organizations, financial institutions, among them being the United Nations, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the UN Regional Center for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia, the International Groundwater Resources Assessment Center, the Asian Development Bank, the Islamic Development Bank, the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, as well as scientists and experts in the fields of environmental sciences, climate change, water resources management from 26 nations, including Austria, Hungary, Germany, Spain, China, Latvia, Malaysia, the United States, France, Switzerland, South Korea, Japan among others. The efficient use of water and energy resources is of particular importance for the region and this issue directly affects the lives of tens of millions of people whose livelihoods depend on a stable and timely supply of water for drinking and irrigation. The Amudarya and Syrdarya – the two major trans-boundary rivers of Central Asia have historically been a common good and the source of life for the nations of the region. The Aral Sea basin is supplied with water from the flow of these rivers. Therefore implementation of any plans to construct the new large hydropower stations with gigantic on a global scale dams, according to many competent specialists, shall lead to disruption of the natural flow of these rivers which is fraught with most dangerous ecological and social-economic consequences. Taking this into consideration, such plans on constructing hydropower facilities at the international watercourses should be preliminarily endorsed by all interested countries. In this regard, while constructing any dams or hydraulic structures on trans-boundary rivers the following basic principles should be taken into account: First, the watercourse and volume of water coming down to countries located lower course of the transboundary rivers should not be diminished, especially in the growing season. Second, the implementation of such projects should not degrade the environmental situation in the region, taking into account the already existing negative situation in the region due to the drying of the Aral Sea. Thirdly, one must exclude the possibility of life technogenic disasters, given the fact that the region has a tectonic fault with seismicity of 9-10 magnitude on the Richter scale. Moreover the usage of water resources trans boundary rivers of Central Asia should base on the norms of international law, and in particular, the provisions of the UN Convention on the Protection and Use of Trans-boundary Watercourses and International Lakes of 1992 and the Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses of 1997. Uzbekistan That is why the EU Council of Ministers in its conclusions on EU water diplomacy of 27 July 2013 expresses concern about the water security situation in many parts of the world and in particular in Central Asia. Uzbekistan believes that any efforts related to the water usage in Central Asia, first of all, should take into account the improving of life conditions of population in of Aral Sea region and implemented from the point of achieving the following purposes:

1. Creation of conditions for life, reproduction and preservation of the gene pool in the Aral Sea region.
2. II. Improved measures to manage and save water, protecting natural bodies of water in the Aral Sea catchment area.
3. III. Implementation of large-scale measures to plant forests on the dessicated bed of the Aral Sea and prevent desertification in the regionIV. Preservation of biodiversity, restoration of biological resources and protection of flora and fauna.
5. Further institutional reinforcement and strengthening of cooperation between countries in the region, in the framework of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea.

 

On the picture, Their Highnesses Sayyida Ana María and Sayyid Idris bin Abdullah Al Senussi.   By Sayyid Idris bin Abdullah Al Senussi.   The transition of Libya from decades of Gaddafi’s authoritarian regime into a democratic state was never supposed to be an easy process. One thing is to oust Muammar Ghaddafi, another is to put in place a workable administration based on an all-inclusive, democratic participation. The current fragmentation of Libya among regions, tribes and localities, the splintering of our society into multiple bickering armed groups, and the rise of warlords vying for power by using tribal, religious and ethnic loyalties in order to win over local constituencies are tearing Libya apart. If a settlement is not reached in the coming weeks, Libya might fall into a precipice from which salvation might be beyond human capacity. History suggests that anarchy and violence drive people to escape from freedom into the arms of dictators. We need to cut short any nostalgia that might develop in our midst for the Gaddafi regime. Nor should one be surprised at the emergence of a Daish threat in Libya. Sadly, our country has become, like Syria and Iraq, the kind of habitat where ISIS and its murderous fantasy of a borderless Caliphate can prosper. Institutional vacuum, disorder and armed conflict are the ideal recruiting grounds for ISIS. Merging foreign invaders with local sects and groups is what produces these ISIS squads in parts of our country. Libya’s predicament is not obviously worse than that of Algeria in the early 90’s. The consequences of failure, however, may be greater. We run the risk of being left to the likes of ISIS and its sympathizers and would-be emulators, all of which thrive in the kind of political vacuum that prevails these days in Libya. Libya’s future lies in recovering the spirit of the revolution that ousted Colonel Gaddafi. We need to recuperate the hope for freedom and democracy, national unity and prosperity for all that motivated us in those heroic days of the 2011 revolution. Though Libya never had the kind of cleavages of sect and ethnicity that divided some other states throughout the Arab geography, it has nonetheless a rich socio-tribal tapestry. It is vitally urgent to build the democratic institutions that would allow us to vertebrate our diverse society into a system that unites us all behind shared values of peace and co-existence. Our democratic settlement needs to be all-inclusive. We, Libyans, are proud Muslims. Religion is part of our collective identity. But, it has always been an Islam that sprang from our tradition of tolerance and co-existence. We are not an extremist nation. Moderate Islam will give us an avenue in which to add another brick to the anti- extremist wall that we need to build. Fighting ISIS and the extremism of other radical groups is fighting for the Islam of our forefathers’ faith as we always practiced it in our country. We always combined faith with tolerance. Today we are called to reconcile it with democracy, modernity and prosperity. Libya’s future lies in peace within itself, with its immediate neighbours in North Africa, and with the broader international community. The United Nations as the embodiment of the international community is bound to be a key factor in a peaceful transition of Libya to order and stability. We must support and facilitate its work in this difficult transition to democracy. The UN is a fair broker to whom we owe recognition for its role and credibility in securing Libya’s independence in 1951. We are grateful to the foreign countries that supported our revolution and helped us in doing away with the old dictatorial regime. But, they know that the old days of colonialism and subjection to foreign powers are over. The international community is now assisting us in helping ourselves; it is interested in a stable, democratic and prosperous Libya not in order to control it, or seize its wealth. They simply know that our instability can affect their peace and security. The same needs to be said of our immediate neighbors in the Maghreb. It is the fear of a spillover of our current anarchy across their borders that make them so restless and concerned. Yet, none of our neighbors can solve our problems, nor should we look for a North African gendarme. I do recognize, however, that a unified North African front has potential to help contain extremism, and prevent outside interference through enhanced border surveillance, information sharing, and the warding off of external military interference. Libya’s struggle for the future it deserves would not end with the settlement that we expect will emerge out of the current negotiations under the good services of the UN. After the settlement is reached, we would still have to work for the consolidation of our new democratic institutions, and for the strengthening of the judicial system without which no democracy can operate. And, we shall still have to build a strong and modern army out of the plethora of armed groups and militias, an army that is immune from cooptation by the city-based militias, extreme Islamic groups or any other power interest. Last but not least, we need to rescue our declining economy. These are days of radical change in the global energy market, and our oil industry would have to adapt itself to the new realities. We need also to create modern industrial and agricultural structures that employ large numbers of our brethren in productive jobs. Much of the work would have to be done by the Libyans themselves, and with Libyan money. We can, however, use outside technical support and create joint ventures with foreign investors. Foreign governments and private initiatives need to be welcomed to play a role in developing modern infrastructures, medical centers, and new industries. Libya’s predicament requires that we acknowledge the potential stabilizing role of the private sector. These are historical and crucial times in Libya’s life cycle. It is incumbent upon us to rise to the challenge of leaving behind old and new divisions, of superseding the temptation of catering to particular and local interests and unite to build a free, prosperous and all-inclusive Libya. His Highness Sayyid Idris bin Abdullah EL SENUSSI, is a member of Lybia former Royal House and President of “Senussiya Foundation”. Original version- Translated and published by “El Pais” on 05/03/2015 http://elpais.com/elpais/2015/03/04/opinion/1425474125_509280.html Senussiya Foundation: www.senussiyafoundation.it

By Johanna Ospina Garnica, UPEACE Centre The Hague.   Summary of the lecture presented by Sir Kenneth Keith, Judge of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), on January 28, 2015. This lecture was jointly organized by UPEACE Centre The Hague and the Peace Palace Library. (For more information on UPEACE Centre The Hague and the lecture series “Peace Building in Progress” see: www.upeace.nl).   In his lecture on “International water disputes – The roles of international courts and arbitral tribunals in resolving them”, Sir Kenneth Keith gave a general overview of the role and challenges of international arbitration and jurisdiction in water disputes. To do this, he referred to four main themes, each explained by a featured case study on international water disputes, namely: main issues in international water disputes, law applied to international water disputes, limits and possibilities of adjudication and arbitration and management of international water disputes.   Main issues in international water disputes Sir Kenneth Keith started his lecture by explaining two of the main topics on the regulation of international water disputes. The first of these are the boundaries disputes, which include maritime, lakes and rivers boundaries, many of these disputes are related to navigation rights and acquisition. In this aspect stands the case of Malawi-Tanzania, whose border dispute regards the lake Nyasa; there is currently a process of mediation going on with some prospects of arbitration and jurisdiction. Other important cases include Nicaragua-Colombia and Nicaragua-Honduras whose disputes are about maritime delimitation. The other main topic of international water disputes is the use of water; this category includes fishing, access to freshwater, agriculture, manufacturing, recreation and tourism. Two important cases in this regard are Egypt-United Kingdom (1929) for the uses of the Nile River and Argentina-Uruguay concerning the building of pulp mills on the Uruguay River.   How the law on international water disputes has been applied Besides some instruments on international water law, there are more than 3,000 international agreements concerning freshwater, navigation and boundary demarcation that have contributed in terms of building up water law. Some of them have been multilateral agreements such as the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) or bilateral treaties such as between Uruguay and Argentina, concerning the Rio de la Plata. Another important type of agreements are those concerned with extending law treaties on water issues, as is the case of Costa Rica-Nicaragua. These agreements present a range of subjects mainly related to the continuation of old treaties and the way in which they were written. Sir Keith emphasized that these treaties might present big challenges, related to their interpretation and application. Consequently, this situation raises the question: how must laws and treaties be interpreted as time goes by? To respond to this problem, Sir Keith explained that it is always necessary to consider the real purpose for which they were created, but also to understand that the needs and conditions of the contexts may have changed. Therefore, these agreements must be interpreted in light of new facts and situations. On this latter aspect, Sir Keith asked us to consider: What about the regulation of the water for environmental purposes? For this, he explained that, despite the fact that the majority of agreements on water deal with navigation and boundary demarcation, in the last few decades, the focus of treaty-making has shifted to responsible use, protection and conservation of water resources. This has resulted in the growth of international policies and measures on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).   Limits and possibilities of adjudication and arbitration According to Sir Keith, due to the nature of water disputes, there still remain some limitations concerning their adjudication and arbitration. One simple example: it is not possible for a court to predict and say how the water resources must be used in the future. Despite the diverse limitations present in each case, there are some ways in which tribunals can help the parties. To explain this, Sir Keith referred to two specific cases. The first is Argentina-Uruguay regarding the construction of pulp mills on the River Uruguay. Despite the parties setting up a commission for the management of the river; the members were unable to reach a conclusion in some aspects. Therefore, by the end of the judgement, the court indicated that, although it is not possible to define everything in a treaty or a piece of jurisdiction, the court can help to set procedures. On the other hand is the case of Chile-Peru. According to Sir Keith on this subject, the court couldn’t solve the problems related to the limitation of the boundary over the sea; partly because of the technical debate that it would produce. Hence, the court called attention to the positive and good relations historically shared between the parties. Therefore, and despite some differences, it was easier to reach an agreement between the parties and solve the case.   Management of international water disputes Management of international water disputes covers a range of different aspects; among them are the delimitation of boundaries and access to and use of water resources. One of the most difficult items to address is the quota of fish allowable catch between countries that have been traditionally or recently fishing. Conclusion: as a main conclusion Sir Keith emphasized that international law is important, as well as courts, tribunals and arbitration. However these have their own limits and challenges. Therefore it is necessary to continue working on them jointly as a process.   The Permanent Court of Arbitration and International Water Disputes As part of the lecture, Ms. Judith Levine, a senior legal counsel of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA), delivered a second speech on “The Role of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in International Water Disputes”. In her lecture, Ms. Levine gave a general introduction to the work of the PCA on international water disputes. For this she explained the following three key aspects: -The PCA is an intergovernmental organisation that provides permanent support to arbitration and other dispute resolution proceedings. Also, it is composed of three main structures: 1. Administrative Council (116 Member States), 2. Members of the Court, 3. The International Bureau. -Since 1995 the number of cases has increased. At present, the PCA has 93 pending cases. Among them, six are inter-state cases, which are the type of disputes that were envisaged in The Hague Convention of 1899 where arbitration was seen as an alternative mean for disputes and war. The rest of the cases are in one-hand mix disputes involving private parties and in the other states and non-governmental organizations. Among the highlighted cases on international water disputes are: Netherlands-France (2004), Guyana-Suriname (2007) and Indus Waters Kishenganga (Pakistan-India, 2013). -There are several international water instruments with reference to arbitration, including: the Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses of 1997 (entry in force 2014), the 2003 Protocol on Civil Liability and Compensation for Damage caused by the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents on Transboundary Waters to the 1992 Conventions and the 2014 IBA Report on Climate Change & Justice, which recommends PCA environmental rules for UNFCCC disputes.  

By Kerttu Henriksson.   Student organization Lunastrum is arranging a unique simulation ‘Model of The Third Hague Peace Conference’ on the 9^th of May, 2015 at the Peace Palace, The Hague. Lunastrum is organizing the event along with partners such as The Hague University of Applied Sciences, Leiden University, UPEACE Centre The Hague, Peace Palace Library, and sponsors such as the Municipality of The Hague.   The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 were essential in gradually achieving international security by being among the first initiatives to regulate warfare by establishing rules of international humanitarian law. The importance of the conferences has not decreased; instead, the rapid change in warfare requires reforms in the international regulations. In addition to changes in warfare, the methods to address violations of international rules had developed since the negotiations of the first conferences. Through the establishment of The Permanent Court of Arbitration, the military tribunals, ad-hoc tribunals and the permanent International Criminal Court, today there are more ways to address issues arising from International Humanitarian Law. Lunastrum is now offering the students the opportunity to generate innovative ideas on how to improve the existing rules on international humanitarian issues. Exactly 100 years after the Third Peace Conference was meant to be held, but which was suspended due to the outset of the First World War, students are organizing a simulation enacting the Third Peace Conference. As in the two first conferences, the participants will negotiate as delegations about topics of International Humanitarian Law, namely rules regulating arms trade and international humanitarian intervention. A legal framework treaty will be drafted together by all delegations. According to Akif Baser, the chairman of Lunastrum: “We want to encourage students to develop inventive ideas to contribute to international security and justice. We also want to give the students a realistic idea about how difficult it is to negotiate and conclude on important but sensitive issues such as arms trade and international humanitarian intervention. Students and young professionals are the future and, therefore, it is essential to engage them into sharing their inspiring ideas about International Affairs.” Additionally, Lunastrum is organizing masterclasses for students on skills and topics relevant to the simulation such as negotiation, history of the Hague Peace Conferences and international security on May, 29^th and April 6^th, 2015. You are welcome to join the simulation as a student or young professional, or to review the proceedings as an observer. The simulation is held on the 9^th of May, 2015 from 9.00 a.m. to 17.00 p.m. within the Peace Palace of The Hague, the Netherlands. For more information, please visit our website.