We dare to dream, we care to share, together for ASEAN
By Roy Lie Atjam
The Indonesian Ambassador’s residence, Wismar Duta, hosted the 56th anniversary of ASEAN. The celebration began with the hoisting of the ASEAN flag followed by a stunning performance by students from Sekolah Indonesia Den Haag -SIDH.
Indonesia successfully hosted the celebration of the 56th Anniversary of ASEAN (ASEAN Day) on 8 August 2023 at the Ambassador’s Residence in Wassenaar. Indonesia is currently the Chair of the ASEAN Committee in The Hague (ACTH) for the second semester of 2023.
Diplomats attending ASEAN 56 Anniversary at Indonesian Ambassador’s residence, Wismar Duta
Ā The event began with the ASEAN flag raising ceremony by the Flag Raising Troop of the Indonesian School in The Hague (SIDH) accompanied by the ASEAN Anthem, followed by remarks by the Indonesian Ambassador to the Netherlands, H.E. Mr. Mayerfas, and the Director for Asia and Oceania of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, H.E. Ambassador Karin Mƶssenlechner.
ASSEAN Ambassadors on the 56 Anniversary
Ā
Ambassador Mayerfas said that ASEAN is the most successful and peaceful regional organization in the world despite its diversity and various challenges both internally and externally. Ambassador Mayerfas encouraged ASEAN Dialogue Partners and external parties to continue working together in creating a peaceful, stable, resilient, and prosperous region, and to be optimistic that ASEAN would become the world’s major economic power in 2045.
Ā The event was also enlivened by cultural performances and special dishes from each ACTH country. Indonesia presented an angklung performance of Michael Jackson’s Heal The World and a folk song, Rek Ayo Rek.
ASEAN Day was attended by around 150 invitees, consisting of ASEAN Ambassadors accredited to the Netherlands and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) both based in the Netherlands and Belgium, Ambassadors and representatives of ASEAN Dialogue Partners based in the Netherlands, representatives of international organizations based in the Netherlands, representatives of diaspora from each ACTH country who reside in the Netherlands, and Embassy officials of each ACTH country.
The Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in the Netherlands celebrated Pakistanās Independence Day with traditional zeal and enthusiasm. A flag hoisting ceremony was held at Pakistan House which was attended by a number of Pakistani community members including, students, women and children from different parts of the Netherlands. A group of young Pakistani diplomats who are in the Hague to attend training programme at the Clingendael Institute as part of Pakistan-the Netherlands cooperation also attended the event.
The national flag was hoisted by H.E. Ambassador Suljuk Mustansar Tarar at the tune of national anthem. Special messages of the President and Prime Minister on this auspicious occasion were read out to the audience.
Pakistani community members attending the flag hoisting ceremony at Pakistan House.
Mr. Shahroz Kashif, a renowned Pakistani mountaineer, also attended the flag hoisting ceremony. He is the youngest mountaineer who climbed the K2 on 27 July 2021.
He also addressed to the participants and informed about his vision to fly Pakistani flag on the top of all 14 eight-thousander mountains. Mr. Kashif is on the visit to the Netherlands to project tourism potential of the country.
The Ambassador off Pakistan, H.E. Mr. Suljuk Mustansar Tarar during his speech.
The Ambassador in his address paid tribute to the national heroes of Pakistan movement. He informed about Pakistan ā the Netherlands bilateral relations and the celebrations being held in the Hague and Islamabad to commemorate 75 years of the establishment of bilateral relations between the two countries this year.
He also emphasized to remember Kashmiri brothers and sisters in our prayers who are facing persecution in Indian illegally occupied Jammu & Kashmir(IIOJK). He reiterated Pakistanās continued political, diplomatic and moral support to the Kashmiri people.
The Ambassador appreciated the Pakistani communityās active role. He urged the community members to continue to play a constructive role in improving relations between Pakistan and the Netherlands. The ceremony ended with prayers for the prosperity, safety and economic stability of Pakistan.
Statement issued by te Embassy of Pakistan in the Netherlands.
In a vibrant city of Istanbul, the Future Leaders Executive Program (FLEP) in its June segment welcomed a distinguished guest, one of the most successful high ranking officials of the United Nations in decades: H.E. David M. Malone, Rector of the Tokyo-based UN University and its Undersecretary General (2013-23). With a profound understanding of the system, global challenges and actions to address them, the distinguished guest mesmerised its audience in a thorough debate.
Talks about international development permeate current debates in academic and policy circles around the world. Yet, decades after its endorsement as one of the international communityās top priorities, the term continues to elude clear and univocal definitions, and it remains a contested concept. Dr. David M. Malone ā a top Canadian diplomat ā talked about his own take on the historical evolution of international development in an exchange with the FLEP fellows.
Drawing from his profoundly rich professional and personal journey, Dr. Malone noted that the concept of international development has emerged only fairly recently as a major issue on the world stage. The League of Nations, for instance, was not concerned with development, and even the United Nations did not initially devote much attention to this concept. Similarly, development was not on the agenda of the economic institutions established at the 1944 Bretton Woods conference ā notably the International Monetary Fund (IMF), whose aim was to ensure monetary stability, and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, the World Bankās predecessor), whose focus was on the post-war reconstruction effort.
How did it happen, then, that these institutions gradually took the lead in promoting and sustaining development worldwide? The key factor underpinning this shift ā In Dr. Malone brief but comprehensive account ā is the process of decolonization, which started in the late 1940s with the independence of India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Having freed themselves from the exploitative rule of colonial powers, these countries first sought to launch their first development programs, which often had a focus on agricultural development and famine prevention. At the time, international support to such efforts was very limited, consisting only of some experimental activities on specific technical issues, but with extremely tight budgets.
Yet, things started to change as a āhuge decolonization waveā took off in the late 1950s, creating almost 80 new countries in the span of little more than 15 years. As these countries entered the UN en masse, they soon gained a majority in the organization. Questioning the UNās single-handed focus on political and security issues, these countries ā which were then labelled as ādeveloping countriesā ā started to advocate for their own interest: the promotion of development throughout the developing world, with support from the international community.
These calls were rather successful. Entities such as the IBRD/World Bank, on a good track to completing their post-war reconstruction mission, soon started to shift their attention towards the developing world, ramping up the scale of their previously meagre technical endeavours. Even more importantly, international support for developmental efforts started to materialize, both through bilateral agreements between countries and in the form of borrowed funds.
While the calls for international support were successful in raising the attention and the funds devoted to the topic of development, the early developmental endeavours were not always as successful. In a number of instances, the lack of adequate infrastructure prevented these endeavours from yielding the expected results, leading leaders to re-think their focus on what – reflecting on his own choices and moral convictions – Dr. Malone termed āwildcat industrializationā. Further on, in their efforts to finance development (and, at times, to amass personal wealth in the pockets of national elites), developing countries piled up an increasingly serious amount of debt, resulting in the debt crisis of the early 1980s.
The reaction of the industrialized world was mixed. Initially, shock and surprise prevailed, coupled with calls for developing countries to repay their debt at any cost. International institutions such as the World Bank and the IMF asked indebted countries to tighten their belt to free up funds for debt repayment. Lacking alternatives, many countries did so; yet, this came at a serious price over the medium to long term. Over time, however, a more realistic outlook on the issue emerged. Creditors organized in two groups ā the āParis Clubā for official donors, and the āLondon Clubā for private creditors ā and discussed their response. Eventually, the strategy was two-fold: part of the debt was rescheduled, while another part was outright cancelled.
Over the following decades, this major debt-management operation did yield important results ā Dr. Malone stressed. By 1995, developing countries were fully out of the debt crisis, and government officials in industrialized countries were less worried about the overall situation. Still, tensions between developed and developing countries persisted, including at the UN. The latter asked the former to contribute to their development as a reparation of past damages under colonialism, while the former accused the latter of mismanagement and claimed full control over the use of their own funds. As of the mid-1990s, this debate had not led anywhere: everyone wanted to move on, and so they did.
The game changer emerged around the turn of the new millennium, when the UN ā under the lead of Secretary General Kofi Annan ā heavily invested in the creation and promotion of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The goals were narrow but ambitious; and yet, despite this ambition, most (although not all) of them were met by 2015. According to Dr. Malone, this success was made possible by the high growth rates enjoyed by developing countries through the first 15 years of the new millennium ā a growth that, among other factors, was enabled by the previous debt-management strategy and by the increasing flow of international capital to the developing world.
The success in achieving the MDGs thus triggered a new process at the UN, which raised the bar and set for the world even more ambitious goals ā the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These objectives were underpinned by an assumption that the high rates of growth that had characterized the first decade of the new millennium would continue. As it became clear, however, this assumption was overly optimistic. The 2008 global financial crisis significantly slowed down growth, both in the industrialized world and (albeit to a lesser extent) in developing countries. As a result, international development efforts faced ā and still face ā increasing challenges. To respond to these challenges, the 2015 Addis Ababa Action plan sought to adopt a more sophisticated strategy to ensure funding for international development efforts. Moving away from a single-handed focus on official development assistance, the plan stressed the importance of multiple funding streams, including remittances and lending instruments. Yet, significant challenges remain as of today, and the path of international development remains uphill.
Looking towards the future, the needs of developing countries will likely be much more compelling that those of their industrialized counterparts. In short, international cooperation and developmental efforts have achieved a lot over the past 78 years, but much more has yet to be achieved. As we enter the new-realities era, the world should be aware of that.
As the event draw to a close, H.E. David Malone and President of ICYF, Taha AYHAN (as a principal host to the event) both expressed what all participants had already concluded throughout the talk: that the Future Leaders Executive Program offers a unique setting and the winning narrative. Excellency Malone and President Taha accorded that this particular format ā in which an established experience meets the new passions, drives, rhythms and colours through cross generational leadersā talks ā represents a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for emerging leaders from verities of environments: the state, intergovernmental, and corporate sectors of all meridians.
The mesmerising FLEP-flagship of insights and wisdom, passion and vison gets a full swing sail once again in the Fall of 2023.
There is one event that truly captures the essence of the Uruguayan vibrant cultural scene, its rich history and love for music, which is the “Noche de la Nostalgia.” This annual event, which has long been a cornerstone of Uruguayan nightlife, is now set to take the Netherlands by storm for the first time, thanks to the efforts of the Embassy of Uruguay in The Hague. Spearheaded by H.E. Mr. Alvaro Gonzalez Otero, Ambassador of Uruguay to the Netherlands, this upcoming celebration promises to be a night to remember.
In Uruguay, the night of August 24 holds special significance as it precedes the Declaration of Independence holiday on August 25. This evening is known as “Noche de la Nostalgia,” and it is marked by an explosion of festivities across the country. Discos, nightclubs, and tents come alive with the melodies of the 60s, 70s, 80s, and 90s.
The origins of Noche de la Nostalgia date back to August 24, 1978, when Mr. Pablo Lecueder, the owner of CX-32 Radiomundo radio, organized a party centered around old music hits. This theme was inspired by his radio program “Old hits,” and thus began a tradition that would endure for decades. Each year, Lecueder would host “La Noche de la Nostalgia,” inviting people to come together to dance and relive the musical glory of the past. Iconic tracks from legendary artists like Queen, The Beatles, Elvis Presley, and more filled the air, creating an atmosphere of pure nostalgia and joy.
Over the years, the popularity of Noche de la Nostalgia grew exponentially. The event expanded beyond Lecueder’s initial efforts, with various individuals and businesses joining in to organize their own nostalgia-themed parties. These gatherings catered to different audiences and preferences, ranging from reunion parties to dinner shows and even anti-nostalgia events for those seeking something different.
The once-small event had evolved into a thriving entertainment industry, supporting sectors such as restaurants, discos, DJs, gastronomy companies, security services, hotels, and more. The Ministry of Tourism of Uruguay recognized its potential and officially labeled it Nostalgia Night in 2004, promoting it as a tourist attraction both locally and abroad.
This year, the festivities are transcending borders as the Embassy of Uruguay to the Kingdom of the Netherlands brings the enchanting allure of Noche de la Nostalgia to its selected group of guests. The Embassy of Uruguay is leading the charge, ensuring that the essence of Uruguayan culture and its love for music are celebrated in the heart of the Netherlands. The event is not only an opportunity to enjoy an unforgettable night of music and dance but also a chance to strengthen cultural ties between the two nations.
As the date approaches, anticipation is building for the inaugural Uruguayan “Noche de la Nostalgia” in the Netherlands. For Ambassador Alvaro Gonzalez Otero, this night is more than just a celebration; it’s a bridge that connects nations and generations through the universal language of music. The “Noche de la Nostalgia” in the Netherlands is poised to be a joyful night that will leave a lasting impression on all who attend.
The Hague, 7 August 2023. The Pakistan diplomatic representative in the Netherlands organized the Pakistani Mango Fest 2023, celebrating three-quarters of a century of diplomatic relations between Pakistan and the Netherlands.
Pakistani mango exhibition and testing at the residence of Pakistan in The Hague.
Pakistan is the world’s Sixt largest mango producer and fourth-largest exporter of fresh mangoes. The Netherlands is the world’s second-largest importer and re-exporter of mangoes. Mango production in Pakistan is a huge business. Mangoes are produced at certified farms and processed in HACCP-certified facilities.
The delicious spread of Pakistani cuisine was a hit among the guests, with everyone raving about the juicy Chaunsa mangoes and flavourful basmati rice biryani. Mangoes can be enjoyed in sorbets, ice cream, puddings, curries, kuchelaor even mango tea.
The 2023 mango-tasting festival at Pakistan House attracted a significant number of attendees.
H.E. Mr. Jian Tan, Ambassador of China and H.E. Mr. Suljuk Mustansar Tarar, Ambassador of Pakistan.
Apart from the Dutch- Pakistani business community, the 2023 Pakistani Mango Fest was attended by Dutch officials, Ambassador Karin Mossenlechener, Director of the Asia and Oceania Department at the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, furthermore Ambassadors of Bangladesh, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Cameroon, China, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Greece, Japan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Nigeria, New Zealand,Oman, Panama, Romania, South Africa, Suriname, Thailand, Uruguay, all joined in the celebration of the King of Fruits āMangoā
The Ambassador of Costa Rica, H.E. Mr. Arnoldo Brenes Castro, the Ambassador of Bangladesh, H.E. Mr. Riaz Hamidullah and his spouse Sazia Ahmed and the Ambassador off Panama, H.E. Ms Elizabeth War Neiman. Sonia Meijer, Honorary Consul of El Salvador, Dayana Perez Fernandez, Counsellor, Dominican Republic, Angie and Jens-Volker Ginschel, Armaments Attache, Embassy of Germany, H.E. Juan Bautista Duran, Ambassador of the Dominican Republic and Paul Matos De Lara, from Diplomat Magazine.
After cordially welcoming his guests, H.E. Ambassador Suljuk Mustansar Tarar went on to highlight 75 years of Pakistan-Netherlands bilateral relations which cover politics, trade, education, water management, capacity development and many other facets.
āThe Pakistani diplomat elaborated the economic and trade content of the relations saying that bilateral trade between the two countries increased in the last few years to more than $2 billion. The Dutch companies are among the key investors in Pakistan.
“Over the long period of time, the Dutch businesses and market has long-held confidence in Pakistani market, manufacturers and exporters.”
The Ambassador of Pakistan and Ambassador Karin Mossenlechener, Director of Southeast Asia & Oceania
Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Highlighting the uniqueness of Pakistani mangoes, Ambassador Tarar said “Pakistan is the 6th largest producer and the 4th largest exporter of mangoes in the world which are exported across the world and the Netherlands is an important growing market.”
Ambassador Suljuk informed that Pakistani experts through extensive research and development (R&D) have succeeded in making many improvements in the traditional chaunsa variety and developed its commercial sub-types viz. Safaid chaunsa, Azeem chaunsa, black chaunsa and late chaunsa etc, added the statement.
The guests were also served Pakistani Biryani made from Pakistani Basmati rice, Tarar informed the audience that Pakistan is the top supplier of Basmati rice to the EU and the Netherlands as well.
Lucia Rodriguez Fetzer, Counsellor, Embassy of Guatemala and H.E. Mr. Arnoldo Brenes Castro, Ambassador of Costa Rica. H.E. Dr. Eniola Olaitan Ajayi, Ambassador of Nigeria and the Ambassador of Pakistan.
In her remarks, Ambassador Karin Mossenlechener mentioned that bilateral relations have been consistently progressing in all areas. She remarked that different activities have been organised by both sides to celebrate the landmark year. She elaborated through the history of bilateral relations how the two countries stood with each other in times of natural disasters.
She mentioned that in 1953 when the Netherlands faced floods and Pakistanis raised funds. Highlighting the importance of people-to-people contact, Ambassador Karin Mossenlechener also appreciated the leveraging of Pakistani arts and culture by the Pakistan Embassy.
The event was organized with the Trade Development Authority of Pakistan which provided mangoes for the occasion and supported by the Netherlands-based leading Diplomat Magazine.
Pictures are a courtesy of the Embassy of Pakistan in The Hague and from Diplomat Magazine photographer, Roy Strik.
Arusha, The Hague, 8 August 2023 – I have carefully reviewed the Appeal Chamberās decision in the Kabuga case. Its decision must be respected, even if the outcome is dissatisfying.
This result is due first and foremost to Kabugaās flight from justice for so many years. In full knowledge of his actions before and during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda, he refused to stand trial before an independent and impartial international tribunal to answer the charges against him. As a fugitive, he was harbored by his family and associates, beginning in Kenya and ending in France.
My thoughts are with the victims and survivors of the Genocide. They have maintained their faith in the justice process over the last three decades. I know that this outcome will be distressing and disheartening to them. Having visited Rwanda recently, I heard very clearly how important it was that this trial be concluded.
I would like to assure them, though, that my Office will not stop our work on their behalf. As the recent arrest of Fulgence Kayishema highlighted, accountability for crimes committed during the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda must continue in courts in Rwanda and countries around the world. My Office will provide our full support. In particular, as requested by the Prosecutor General of Rwanda, we will significantly strengthen our assistance to his office, including through the provision of our evidence and developed expertise, to ensure more genocide fugitives stand trial for their alleged crimes.
This decision may be a disappointment, but I can assure the victims and survivors that it is not the end of the justice process.
This agreement, the first ever, paves the way for the provision of Junior Professional Officers (JPOs) as a part of the CFC’s Junior Professional Officer Programme. The goal of this initiative is to enhance the skill sets of young professionals with limited work experience by providing them an enriching and structured learning opportunity under the guidance and supervision of experienced CFC officials.
The Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China is taking an important step towards contributing to this program by deploying JPOs to the CFC, demonstrating its commitment to the professional development of future international civil servants.
The exchange of human resources will allow the JPOs to accumulate knowledge and practical experience, preparing them for successful careers as international civil servants. This agreement signifies the strong collaboration between the CFC and the Peopleās Republic of China and their shared dedication to fostering future talent.
Ms. MichĆØle Schwarz, CFC Head of Accounting and Administration; Amb. Sheikh Mohammed Belal, Managing Director of CFC; Mr. JIN Yuan, Counsellor for Economy and Commerce at the Embassy ; and H.E. Mr. TAN Jian, Ambassador of the Peopleās Republic of China to the Netherlands.
“We believe that this agreement will mark a new chapter in our collaboration, opening doors for more dynamic, creative, and innovative professionals who will undoubtedly contribute significantly to the sustainable development and growth of the global commodity sector.
Chinaās poverty reduction story is a story of persistent growth through economic transformation. As Chinaās economy now adjusts to a new low carbon growth model, its eagerness for upgraded skill levels is in line with Chinaās vision for an improved social protection to ensure a just transition that complements CFCās mission for alleviation of poverty.
We look forward to welcoming the first cohort of JPOs from China to CFC and to the enriching experience they will bring to our diverse team. The JPO program, it is hoped, will open up windows to learn from Chinaās battle against poverty that has benefited the largest number of people in human history.” Said Ambassador Belal.
Three Hungarian criminals on Europolās European Most Wanted list have been arrested by the Hungarian and Spanish authorities in a simultaneous joint action carried out in Spain. The suspects allegedly run a cannabis plantation and processing facility in Hungary. Eurojust supported the investigation and played a key role in facilitating cross-border judicial cooperation during the operation.
Between 2020 and 2021, the suspects allegedly operated a professionally equippedĀ and automated infrastructure for the cultivation and processing of thousands of cannabis plants in Hungary. The Hungarian authorities dismantled the facility in May 2021. During the operation, the authorities seized 165 kg of marijuana and cocaine and assets worth over HUFĀ 380Ā million (EURĀ 983,700).
The authorities were able to identify all seven members of the criminal network and arrested two of them soon after the operation. The other five members were placed on Europolās European Most Wanted list.
Three suspects fled to Spain from where they are believed to have continued their criminal activities. According to the investigation, they imported 100 kg of marijuana and 10 kg of cocaine into Hungary on at least 10 occasions.
The Hungarian authorities contacted their Spanish counterparts to carry out a search of the suspectsā hideout, where they were renting a house under false identities in the Spanish town of Calpe. As a European Investigation Order (EIO) had to be executed in parallel with the arrest of the suspects, the authorities requested assistance from Eurojust. Close cooperation between the National Desks of Hungary and Spain ensured round-the-clock transmission of documents and the execution of the EIO in Spain just one day after it was issued by the Hungarian authorities.
The three suspects were arrested in Spain on 19 July. The investigation is still ongoing as two members of the criminal organisation are still on the run.
The following authorities took part in this investigation:
Hungary: National Bureau of Investigation, Chief Prosecution Office of Zala County
Spain: Investigative Court in Alicante (num 2), International Cooperation Unit of Prosecution Service in Alicante, Guardia Civil
Addressing various aspects related to influences exerted on international military students, as part of their training and education, considering that, depending on a variety of factors, all this can have repercussions on the Armed Forces and, more broadly speaking, on their States of origin. International military cooperation is tied to Defense Diplomacy and to countries’ soft power. This article highlights the Portuguese Armed Forces via two exclusive interviews with General (Ret.) ValenƧa Pinto, Chairman of EuroDefense Portugal and former Portuguese Armed Forces’ Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff * and Commodore JoĆ£o Silva Pereira, Director of the Portuguese Armed Forces’ Military Intelligence and Security Center**.
By Jorge Marinhoand JĆŗlio Ventura
The defense of territorial integrity, national sovereignty and, indeed, the political regime in existence in a given State are tied to the armed forces. Somehow, said forces are also linked to issues involving ontological security and national identity. For these reasons, influences on the armed forces can have repercussions on all the previously mentioned aspects; it is especially relevant to pay attention to the military’s top brass and to those who could end up holding such positions. The subject matter of this piece is of considerable interest to States’ institutions that both send and welcome military students from abroad.
International military education and training
The Armed Forces of a given country can be influenced by several bodies from foreign states, within a number of contexts. In this regard, we have an influencing state and a target state (Meierding, Sigman April 8, 2021). Among others, training and education comprise the influence activities that this piece underscores.
For example, training is one of the activities enabling the United States to wield influence over the security sector in Africa (Meierding, Sigman April 8, 2021). This activity changes trainees’ thought process so that it lines up with the U.S.’s preferences (Joyce August 14, 2022). Military partners that have been influenced with prolonged effects over time, relative to what they think and want, require less monitoring and motivation to bring about U.S. interests (Joyce August 14, 2022). China’s military education programs enable it to hold sway over various parts of the world, especially in Central and South Asia, the Middle East, North and Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe and Latin America (Dettmer December 8, 2021 / Oudenaren, Fisher Winter 2016, p. 110). In this context, the purpose of College of Defense Studies courses is to lead foreign students to understand and respect China (Oudenaren, Fisher Winter 2016, p. 113). With some adaptations, Chinese military academies have adopted a number of key aspects of U.S. models and practices (Oudenaren, Fisher Winter 2016, p. 114).
Generally speaking, the armed forces of nearly every country in the world, whether regarded as democracies or dictatorships, often come in contact with one another, including within the context of training / education (Blair June 2012, p. 9 /Ā Introduction: Influencing Dictatorships to Become Democracies). Under these circumstances, servicemen and -women from democratic states can encourage the armed forces of countries with dictatorial regimes to back the transition to democracy (Blair June 2012, p. 9 /Ā Introduction:Ā Influencing Dictatorships to Become Democracies). For this influence to have positive effects, it could take some time while including personal contacts and friendly relations among military personnel (Blair June 2012, p. 10 /Ā Introduction: Influencing Dictatorships to Become DemocraciesĀ / Jeffery March 2013). There are even specific programs aimed at influencing the armed forces of other countries in relation to the benefits of democracy, while stating what can be done to have a democratic system of government (Blair June 2012, p. 10).
A few countries often send to foreign military educational institutions brilliant people who, upon returning home, are well set to take up leading positions in their armed forces (Blair June 2012, p. 11). However, according to Joyce (April 1, 2022), chiefly at individual level, when such service personnel return to their countries of origin, the influence of training abroad, as concerns liberal norms and human rights, can be mitigated or even neutralized by cohesion relative to the military unit to which they belong and by the sense of accomplishing missions.
Joshua Kurlantzick (June 8, 2016) considers that the U.S. Department of Defense should monitor the alumni’s careers, in order to assist U.S. Embassies in finding out which troops from other countries they can develop relations with, according to the positions they hold. The U.S. Secretary of Defense was tasked with developing and maintaining a database with records of foreign troops or civilians from the corresponding Defense Ministries who received military education or training in the U.S. (Public Law 106-280-Oct.Ā 6, 2000). Remaining in contact with the alumni makes it possible to undertake continuing education activities (Department of Defense Strategic Evaluation InternationalĀ Professional Military EducationĀ July 5, 2022).
The Polish Naval Academy also wishes to maintain contacts with its foreign graduates, located in various parts of the world, working in a number of sectors of their societies (Foreign Students).Ā
In the fields of training and education, this ability to influence foreign military personnel, future leaders, is of interest to several countries, such as China (Oudenaren, Fisher Winter 2016, p. 109). Regarding the Sino-American competition, some experts point out that the prestige, as a qualitative advantage of military education in the U.S., calls for continuous work so as not to start diminishing (Oudenaren, Fisher Winter 2016, p. 116). Currently, in said country, a few private schools with military training programs, due to their ties to China, warrant particular attention from the U.S. Government, given the influences to which future American military leaders are subject (Razdan February 11, 2023).
Obviously, U.S. public educational institutions also influence foreign military students. In the late 1980s, the Los Angeles Times revealed that, in keeping with a congressional report, the purpose of educating foreign young cadets at West Point is not only to foster good will, but also to enable these future military leaders to get to know the U.S.’s ideals (Hendricks April 2, 1989). According to a Thai cadet, in the future, foreign graduates from West Point tend to improve their countries’ relations with the U.S. (Hendricks April 2, 1989). This type of influence is also noticeable at institutions from other parts of the world: the Polish Naval Academy states that many of its foreign students from the 1980s and 1990s regard Poland as a second home and are a sort of Polish ambassadors (Foreign Students).
In the associative domain, the object of European Air Force Academies (EUAFA) is, among others, the academic exchange of cadets and instructors (European MilitaryĀ Academiesā Association). The EUAFA comprises the following members: Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; United Kingdom (European Military Academiesā Association).
Within the context of the European Union, with involvement from its member-states, there is a mobility program for young military students, teachers and instructors known as Military Erasmus, which seeks to create a common security and defense culture (European Initiative for the Exchange of Young Officers Inspired by Erasmus).
Defense Diplomacy and military soft power
In the international sphere, defense diplomacy serves to promote bilateral and multilateral cooperation and to develop training and education at military schools and academies (Drab March 2018), as instruments of soft power (Jalili November / December 2015, p. 59 / Matisek, Reno November 2022, p. 16 / Nantulya July 2023, p. 19 / Oudenaren, Fisher Winter 2016, p. 109). Because this type of power takes several years to be consolidated, its results are not immediately achieved (Atkinson April 1, 2014, p. 62), but its effects are profound and have a lasting effect on foreign societies (Omelicheva, et alii Spring 2017, p. 129).
Military relations between the United Kingdom and Pakistan are looked at as representative of the Armed Forces’ use of soft power, most notably the Royal Military Academy of Sandhurst (Hunter September 30, 2020). The British Army’s values and standards are also present at the Pakistan Military Academy (Hunter September 30, 2020).
Colonel James Walker (February 9, 1998, p. 2) envisages international military education and training as a U.S. foreign policy instrument in the 21st century. In general, for a country welcoming trainees, foreign military training can be an important part of foreign policy in the long term (Jeffery March 2013), and, in particular, a significant segment of U.S. Security Cooperation relationships (International Military Training & Education Programs). Concerning the State that sends its military personnel, said training type corresponds, first of all, to an aspect of foreign policy and, secondly, to a defense policy instrument (Scharpf November 2022, p. 37). International cooperation between higher-education establishments can also be viewed as knowledge diplomacy (Knight October 11, 2022).
In principle, international military training entails risks for both the host country and the one sending trainees (Perraton 2020, p.263). Civil or military higher-education institutions of various countries could be infiltrated by foreign spies posing as students. For instance, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), foreign intelligence services are interested in gathering information at U.S. universities, with the aim of gaining military advantages, among others, and, to such end, said services turn to foreign students and visiting professors (Foreign Intelligence Entitiesā Recruitment Plans Target Cleared AcademiaĀ April 2021 /Ā Higher Education and National Security: The TargetingĀ of Sensitive, Proprietary and Classified Information on Campuses of Higher EducationĀ April 2011, p.1). Universities are under obligation to protect their information and, to achieve such protection, they can rely on the FBI’s backing (Higher Education and National Security: The Targeting of Sensitive, Proprietary and Classified Information onĀ Campuses of Higher EducationĀ April 2011, p.10).Ā
Portuguese Armed Forces
With regard to the Portuguese Armed Forces (PAF), in an exclusive interview, General (Ret.) ValenƧa Pinto, Chairman of EuroDefense Portugal and the Portuguese Armed Forces’ former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, considers that, broadly speaking, international military training and education are highly relevant, especially as part of alliances. According to said General, these training and education activities enable exchanging information, experiences and mutual knowledge, as well as developing interoperability. This interviewee maintains that, to prevent negative impacts, in terms of foreign influence stemming from the education and training given to Portuguese military personnel abroad, destinations need to be diversified as well as thoroughly and carefully selected. General ValenƧa Pinto reveals that the aforementioned military personnel are adequately prepared to remain alert and be resilient with regard to activities involving harmful influence wielded at the teaching / training establishments hosting them.
Portuguese Armed Forces symbol
General ValenƧa Pinto believes that the international appeal of Portuguese military teaching / training institutions, in relation to foreign students, is mainly rooted in the generalized acknowledgment of the PAF’s standards of excellence, as concerns contents, discipline, professionalism and demanding nature. In terms of reputation, this interviewee also points out the PAF’s exemplary performance in missions abroad. General ValenƧa Pinto points out the following principles and values that the PAF convey to foreign military personnel when these train / study in Portugal: discipline in military training, a strong sense of unity, cohesion and proximity among the various ranks.
According to the Chairman of EuroDefense Portugal, military cooperation and training programs are part of Portugal’s Foreign Policy and, as such, there needs to be coordination in relation to their objectives and to controlling how they are enforced. To this end, General ValenƧa Pinto states that Portuguese-speaking countries have to be regarded as a priority, but not exclusive, while highlighting the need for a proper understanding of those countries’ specificities, diversity in the geopolitical and cultural spheres, as well as the differences in equipment and organization standards.
The Portuguese Armed Forces’ Military Intelligence and Security Center
In an exclusive interview, Commodore JoĆ£o Silva Pereira, Director of the Portuguese Armed Forces’ Military Intelligence and Security Center, reveals that this Center remains attentive to the possible entry, in Portugal, of foreign students posing as civilians who are actually undercover military personnel collaborating with the military intelligence services of their countries, while they serve as spies at Portuguese civilian universities. According to this interviewee, the PAF, under the corresponding legal framework, adopt the necessary measures to safeguard military security and, hence, national security.
As concerns counterintelligence measures relative to foreign military personnel attending Portuguese military teaching / educational establishments, the Director of the Military Intelligence and Security Center mentions that, in keeping with the law, certain activities are undertaken.
Do the Portuguese Armed Forces prepare military personnel who are sent to teaching / training programs abroad, so that they are impervious to possible negative foreign influences? According to Commodore JoĆ£o Silva Pereira, all Portuguese military personnel deployed abroad fulfill a Readiness Plan that includes, among various aspects, raising awareness to identifying and reacting to possible threatening individuals.
Generally speaking, in the international sphere, the armed forces of practically every country in the world often forge bilateral or multilateral relations, as occurs under military education and training. This way, there are States that send and welcome from abroad international military students, among which there are some who, at the time, already display high quality and, later on, end up holding top military positions in their countries of origin and in international organizations.Ā
The educational / training institutions abroad that welcome said students could wield upon them a variety of influences, as concerns, for instance, principles, values and, broadly speaking, political and ideological aspects. Depending on one’s perspective, these influences can be regarded as positive or negative and their effects can last over time, to a greater or lesser extent, according to a variety of factors, such as the type of relation that the alumni formally or informally maintain with the institution where they were international students. The influences in question can come across several obstacles: preparation, which, at their institutions of origin, international military students had in order to identify and withstand influence attempts abroad; cohesion in relation to the military units to which they belong; and the sense of accomplishing missions. Even so, the State needs to remain attentive to possible negative influences being successful relative to military personnel that have already taken up or will occupy leading positions in the armed forces. These influences are related to aspects of crucial importance to the State, such as defending territorial integrity, national sovereignty, the political regime in existence, ontological security and national identity.
Portugal’s foreign policy includes diverse countries, though, in what concerns military cooperation and training programs, Portuguese-speaking countries warrant particular attention. The PAF are aware of possible positive and negative aspects stemming from international military education and training and, as such, prepare their military personnel accordingly. In relation to negative aspects, we need to highlight the role of the Portuguese Armed Forces’ Military Intelligence and Security Center, especially in terms of counterintelligence.Ā
About the authors:
Jorge Marinho
Jorge Marinho PhD in Communication Sciences, BA in International Journalism.
email:Ā marinho.mediaanalysis@gmail.com
JuĢlio Ventura
JĆŗlio Ventura BA in Law, MA student in Political Science and International Relations at the Portuguese Catholic University (Lisbon, Portugal), member of the European Parliament trainee (Brussels, Belgium) Ā
References
Atkinson, C. (April 1, 2014). Military Soft Power in the 21st Century: Military Exchanges and Partner Development. In J. Deni (Ed.), Augmenting Our Influence: AllianceRevitalization and Partner Development. Retrieved 24.7.2023 from https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep11948.6
Matisek, J., Reno, W. (November 2022). Canadian Foreign Military Training: What Good Is It Among Other Allied Providers. In Marc-Olivier Cantin (Ed.). The Promises andPitfalls of Foreign Military Training:Implications for the Canadian Armed Forces. Retrieved 13.6.2023 from https://cdainstitute.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/ontrack29november.pdf
Omelicheva, M., et alii (Spring 2017). Military Aid and Human Rights: Assessing the Impact of U.S. Security Assistance Programs. Retrieved 24.7.2023 from https://www.jstor.org/stable/45175796
Scharpf, A. (November 2022). The Recipient Dilemma of Foreign Military Training. In Marc-Olivier Cantin (Ed.). The Promises and Pitfalls of Foreign Military Training:Implications for the Canadian Armed Forces. Retrieved 10.6.2023 from https://cdainstitute.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/ontrack29november.pdf
Walker, J. (February 9, 1998). International Military Education and Training: The Ultimate Foreign Policy Tool for the 21st Century. Retrieved 20.6.2023 from https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA342928.pdf
On 6 June 2023, the Trial Chamber found, by majority, that Mr. Kabuga is not fit to stand trial and that it is very unlikely that he would regain fitness in the future. The Trial Chamber decided, by majority, to continue the proceedings against Mr. Kabuga in accordance with an āalternative finding procedure that resembles a trial as closely as possible, but without the possibility of a convictionā.
Both parties appealed against the Trial Chamberās decision
The Prosecution appealed the Trial Chamberās determination that Mr. Kabuga is not fit to stand trial and the Defence appealed the Trial Chamberās decision to continue the proceedings in accordance with an āalternative finding procedureā.
In its decision today, the Appeals Chamber unanimously dismissed the Prosecutionās appeal, finding that the Prosecution failed to show that the Trial Chamber applied an incorrect legal standard or erred in evaluating the evidence when determining that Mr. Kabuga is not fit to stand trial.
The Appeals Chamber unanimously granted the second ground of the Defenceās appeal, finding that neither the Statute nor the jurisprudence of the Mechanism and its predecessor tribunals allows for an āalternative finding procedureā in lieu of a trial. The Appeals Chamber observed, in this respect, that the elements of this procedure, as defined by the Trial Chamber, appear to circumvent statutory guarantees afforded to all accused before the Mechanism. Consequently, the Appeals Chamber found that, in adopting this procedure, the Trial Chamber exercised discretion that was not conferred upon it by the Mechanismās statutory framework, which constitutes an error of law, invalidating the Trial Chamberās decision.
The Appeals Chamber decided to remand the matter to the Trial Chamber with an instruction to impose an indefinite stay of proceedings in view of Mr. Kabugaās lack of fitness to stand trial. The Appeals Chamber further instructed the Trial Chamber to expeditiously consider the issue of Mr. Kabugaās detention on remand.
The Appeals Chamber stated that, in reaching its decision, it was mindful that the essential interests of the international community to prosecute individuals charged with serious violations of international humanitarian law must be balanced with the fundamental rights of the accused. The Appeals Chamber noted that this balance must be achieved within the scope of the Mechanismās mandate.
The Appeals Chamber further stated that it was cognizant that victims and survivors of the crimes that Mr. Kabuga is charged with have waited long to see justice delivered, and that the inability to complete the trial proceedings in this case, due to Mr. Kabugaās lack of fitness to stand trial, must be disappointing. The Appeals Chamber noted, however, that justice can be delivered only by holding trials that are fair and conducted with full respect for the rights of the accused set out in the Statute.
