Africa Day Festivities 2025

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Africa Day Festivities 2025

By Roy Lie Atjam

Theme: The Year of Justice for Africans and People of African Descent Through Reparations

Objective: to forge a unified African Common Position on reparations, drawing insights from experts, member states, and key stakeholder.

Significance: “As we commemorate Africa Day 2025, we proudly celebrate the 62nd anniversary of the founding of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), now known as the African Union (AU), established in 1963”.

On 27 May 2025, the Group of African Diplomatic Corps accredited to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, alongside Her Excellency Ms. Maria Isabel Resende Encoge, the Ambassador of the Republic of Angola and Dean of the Group of African Diplomatic Corps,  hosted the Africa Day 2025 celebrations.

Ambassadors attending Africa Day 2025.

Her Excellency Dean Ms. Maria Isabel Resende Encoge delivered  inspiring remarks that underscore the significance of our united aspirations and the quest for justice.

“First of all, allow me to welcome all those who honour us with their presence at this commemorative event in allusion to the 62nd anniversary of the establishment of Africa Day, on 25 May 1963, when African Heads of State enthusiastically created the Organization of African Unity (OAU), now the African Union, ensuring, among other things, the total emancipation of the African continent, after centuries of colonial oppression, the consequences of which are still being faced in the different geographies of our continent and by people of African descent throughout the world.

Africa Day 2025

For this reason, we underline the relevance of “justice for all Africans and Afro-descendants through reparations”, as part of the process of achieving an increasingly egalitarian environment among men, regardless of their colour, ethnicity, religion or gender.

Furthermore, diplomatic efforts continue as a valid path towards the recovery of cultural artifacts and African heritage looted during colonization and slavery as an important mechanism for historical reparation.

H.E. Ms Caroline Chipeta Kitana, Ambassador of Tanzania.

Similar to the period in which African independence was achieved, the current global geopolitical scenario is marked by events of various kinds, namely armed conflicts,climate change, food crises, among others, thus requiring greater acuity in the use of diplomatic resources so that the best solutions are found in the shortest possible time frames, paving the way for the achievement of collective goals, with emphasis on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the African Union’s Agenda 2063.

In this regard, allow me to express our recognition and gratitude for the crucial role of international solidarity in achieving African independence, and to emphasize that once again, we are called to convert challenges into opportunities, overcoming the obstacles arising from the current situation, in search of a better future that extends to all, based on the principles of the United Nations Charter, the Constitutive Act of the African Union and other related instruments.

H.E. Mr. Vusimuzi Madonsela, Ambassador of South Africa at Africa Day 2025.
H.E. Ms Salima Abdelhak, Ambassador of Algeria.

I wish everyone a Happy Africa Day, the Cradle of Humanity, a continent so diverse and rich, with vibrant cultures and immense potential, and above all, a friendly and very happy people, as can be seen in this present human context.

I conclude my speech by saluting our unity, saluting our efforts to find African solutions to African problems, saluting our contribution to a better world”.

Musical ensembles from Angola, Morocco and Sudan contributed vibrant performances of music and dance. Additionally, various countries seized the opportunity to delight the guests with an array of exquisite culinary dishes from their country.

A dazzling celebration, thanks to the enthusiastic participation of a large number of attendees.

Africa Day 2025
Africa Day 2025

Ambassadors of Panama and Peru Visit Saxion University of Applied Sciences

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Ambassadors of Panama and Peru Visit Saxion University of Applied Sciences

By Eduardo Antonio Carreño Campos, Carlos Enrique Díaz Villanueva
and  Kristoff Derveaux

On May 7, Saxion University of Applied Sciences had the honor of welcoming the Ambassadors of Panama, H.E. Ms. Sally Loo Hui,  and Peru, H.E. Ms. Franca Deza Ferreccio, who together with Mr. Eduardo Antonio Carreño Campos and Mr. Carlos Enrique Díaz Villanueva, education attachés of these diplomatic missions accredited in The Hague, visited our main campus in Enschede. The purpose of the visit was to introduce the ambassadors to Saxion, the Civil Engineering program, and the research group Sustainable Areas and Soil Transitions (SAST). This visit marked an important step toward strengthening future collaboration.

In recent years, students of the Civil Engineering program of Saxion carried out two educational projects for organizations in Panama (IDIAP http://www.idiap.gob.pa/) and Peru (OTASS https://www.gob.pe/otass). These projects were possible thanks to the connections established between Saxion and Latin American organizations through their embassies in The Hague. Additionally, one student completed an on-site internship with a Panamanian company, further strengthening the collaboration and practical learning experience.

Program of the Day – The day began with presentations introducing the ambassadors to Saxion as an educational and research institution. The ambassadors of Peru and Panama then presented their respective countries, highlighting their strengths and challenges. The municipality of Enschede also participated, sharing their challenges related to climate adaptation. The municipality was invited as part of Saxion’s ambition to be a strong regional partner and to collaborate on addressing local challenges.

Presentation on Peru at Saxion Univertiy.
Presentation by the Municipality of Enschede.

After a quick lunch filled with pleasant conversations, the research groups SAST and Sustainable Building Technology (SBT) were introduced. Opportunities for collaboration on research projects were discussed, with the aim of strengthening our shared knowledge base and learning from one another.

Students Take the Stage

A key part of the program was the presentation of the Civil Engineering curriculum, which will be offered entirely in English starting in the 2025–2026 academic year. This opens the door for students from Panama and Peru to study in Enschede.

Two student groups presented their educational projects. The first group showcased their graduation project on climate-adaptive, circular, and traffic-oriented redesign of a residential area. The second group focused on the renovation of a bridge in Amsterdam and the associated logistical processes. The ambassadors showed great interest in the projects.

Excursion and Closing

On this sunny day, a mini-excursion was organized to Kristalbad, a well-known water management and sanitation regional project carried out by the Vechtstromen Water Authority. The ambassadors were given a guided tour and expert explanation on the project objectives. Upon returning to Saxion, they also visited the Trendy Water Centre, where technologies for reusing water of various qualities/sources were demonstrated—technologies that could also be applied in other countries.

The day concluded with a drink, and the ambassadors were presented with a “Bag to School” as a token of appreciation.

Looking Ahead

We look back on a very successful and enjoyable day. Collaboration with Panama and Peru will be further strengthened through additional educational and research projects.

The role of the ambassadors is crucial in this, as they serve as a bridge between their countries and Saxion.

Once again, we extend our sincere thanks to both ambassadors for visiting our university in Enschede.

Denmark Introduces New Agreement to Attract International Workers from Selected Countries

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Denmark Introduces New Agreement to Attract International Workers from Selected Countries

On 30 June 2025, the Danish government introduced a new agreement to facilitate the recruitment of international workers from 16 designated non-EU countries. The initiative, known as the Collective Agreement–based Business Scheme, is aimed at securing skilled labour under regulated and fair working conditions.

The scheme allows employers to hire foreign nationals from a selected list of countries: the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, India, China, Japan, Brazil, Singapore, Malaysia, Ukraine, Moldova, Albania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia. According to the Ministry of Employment, the selection is based on the countries’ status as key trade partners or as candidates for EU membership.

Under the new framework, positions must be covered by a Danish collective labour agreement, either within the private sector or public institutions. The salary threshold has been reduced to DKK 300,000 annually (approximately EUR 40,000), provided the role is covered by such an agreement.

Danish new labor law for foreigners. Foto Hasse Ferrold.

To participate in the scheme, employers must be certified by the Danish Agency for International Recruitment and Integration (SIRI). The system also includes new measures to prevent labour exploitation and ensure orderly recruitment. These include compulsory ID cards for workers on large construction sites and enhanced monitoring of work conditions.

The new agreement replaces previous transitional schemes and forms part of Denmark’s ongoing efforts to balance labour market needs with protections against social dumping. It is expected to be implemented in coordination with employers’ associations and trade unions, maintaining Denmark’s labour market model.

Africa Day at UN City

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Africa Day at UN City

June 2025, UN City, Copenhagen

In commemoration of the 62nd anniversary of the founding of the Organization of African Unity (now the African Union) in 1963, the Group of African Ambassadors accredited to the Kingdom of Denmark hosted a successful and well-attended Africa Day reception at UN City in Copenhagen. The 2025 African Union theme, “Justice for Africans and People of African Descent Through Reparations,” guided the spirit of the event.

H.E. Mr. Mohamed Karim Fouad Sherif, Ambassador of Egypt. Photo Hasse Ferrold.

The celebration brought together diplomats, Danish officials, UN representatives, and members of civil society. Notable speakers included:

Her Excellency the Ambassador of South Africa, H.E. Ms. Fikile Sylvia Magubane who represented the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps H.E. Ms. Mina Marie Baldé Laurent, Ambassador of Côte d’Ivoire delivered welcoming remarks.

H.E. the Ambassador of the Arab Republic of Egypt, H.E. Mr. Mohamed Karim Fouad Sherif serving as the current Chair of the African Group in Denmark, who opened the evening.

Mr. Karsten Hønge, Member of the Danish Parliament, who served as Guest of Honour and addressed the importance of Denmark-Africa partnerships.

Leila Pakkala, Director of UNICEF Supply Division. Photo Hasse Ferrold.

Ms. Leila Pakkala, Director of UNICEF Supply Division, who spoke on behalf of the ten UN resident agencies in Copenhagen. She reaffirmed the UN’s commitment to sustainable development, equity, and global cooperation with the African continent.

Photo Hasse Ferrold Africa Day 24 06 2025 UN CITY Copenhagen

Following the formal program, participants enjoyed a festive and generous African dinner, celebrating the diversity and rich culinary heritage of the continent. The evening provided a warm atmosphere for networking, cultural exchange, and reflection on Africa’s global contributions.

The reception was widely regarded as a great success, reaffirming the importance of Africa Day.

Ambassador Modi Ephraim on Dutch-Israeli Relations

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Ambassador Modi Ephraim on Dutch-Israeli Relations

Preserving Friendship Amid Changing Realities

A Conversation with the Israeli Ambassador to the Netherlands

As Israel marks 75 years of diplomatic relations with the Kingdom of the Netherlands, H.E. Mr. Modi Ephraim, Ambassador of Israel to the Netherlands, reflects on the strength of this longstanding partnership, the challenges of the current geopolitical climate, and his vision for the future of bilateral relations. In this exclusive Diplomat Magazine interview, Ambassador Ephraim speaks about the evolving Dutch position on Israel, antisemitism in Europe, and the need for constructive diplomacy rooted in shared democratic values.

Your Excellency, you recently expressed concern in De Telegraaf that the Netherlands had made a “historic mistake” by supporting a European investigation into Israel’s actions in Gaza. Could you elaborate on what you meant by this, and what consequences you foresee?

“It is true that I was disappointed, given that this initiative came from a friendly country that should understand Israel’s difficult position. I cherish the longstanding and warm bilateral relations and the support we received following the atrocities of October 7. The Netherlands immediately spoke out in support of Israel and did a lot to help the return of hostages from Gaza.”

You also remarked that the Netherlands has shifted from a discreet diplomatic partner to one that is more publicly critical. How has this change affected bilateral cooperation in areas such as security, innovation, and trade?

“The Netherlands and Israel have longstanding and warm ties, and this is reflected in the various forms of bilateral cooperation. I had the pleasure of welcoming several delegations from Israel, and several Dutch delegations have visited Israel as well. There are so many fields where the bilateral relations have a huge potential, including medical appliances, agro-tech, hydrogen and food security.”

Now that the previous Dutch government is no longer in office and a new coalition is forming, do you foresee an opportunity for Dutch-Israeli relations to reset or improve? What would you like to see from the new leadership?

“This year we marked 75 years of de jure recognition of Israel by the Netherlands. For more than 75 years, we have enjoyed the fruits of the warm friendship between our two countries. The support was also reflected when we organized an October 7 commemoration in Amsterdam, which Prime Minister Dick Schoof participated in.”

The Impact of Language and Rhetoric

The conflict in Gaza continues to generate strong opinions internationally. Some Dutch officials, including the mayor of Amsterdam, have used terms like “genocide” to describe Israel’s actions. You responded publicly to these comments—could you clarify how such rhetoric affects diplomatic engagement and perceptions of Israel?

“What we see is that such baseless rhetoric affects society. There is an unprecedented rise in antisemitism, with record numbers of incidents registered. I recall last year the opening of the national Holocaust Museum. President Herzog participated in the opening by His Majesty King Willem-Alexander. The museum serves as an important tool in educating new generations about the Shoah, to ensure we will never forget. However, the opening of the museum was overshadowed and over shouted by antisemitic mobs. Obscene slogans were shouted during the opening ceremony at participants. Children and Holocaust survivors had to endure insults and threats while authorities did nothing. Since then, the hate has only grown bolder. Fueled by inaction, it festers. Jewish students no longer feel safe on university campuses now dominated by hate-filled activists. Religious symbols are hidden out of fear. And in November, when we commemorated Kristallnacht, a pogrom unfolded on the streets of Amsterdam.”

Remembering October 7

What message would you like to convey to the Dutch public who may be critical of Israel’s military operations in Gaza, particularly in light of humanitarian concerns?

“They should not forget how this war started. Israel did not choose this war. On October 7, Israel was attacked by barbarian terrorists who raped, tortured and burned people. More than 1200 people were killed on that day. Hundreds of hostages were taken into the tunnels of Gaza, and to this day tens of hostages are held captive under unimaginable circumstances. We cannot rest until all the hostages are back home. Israel wants peace, as is shown by the success of the Abraham Accords in the region.”

As ambassador in the legal capital of the world, how do you balance Israel’s rejection of ICC jurisdiction with The Hague’s deep identification with international justice?

“There should be no manipulation in order to politicize the courts. If this is allowed, it will be a problem for the entire world, not only for Israel.”

Looking ahead, what are your diplomatic priorities for strengthening Israeli–Dutch relations in the next year? Are there new areas of collaboration you are seeking to promote despite recent political tensions?

“As mentioned before, there are various areas of collaboration that have potential for benefit for both Israel and the Netherlands. This also includes renewable energy and crisis management, as we saw during the COVID pandemic. I hope to soon see the resumption of more flights between the two countries to promote tourism both ways.”

Standing with the Jewish Community

With growing concerns about antisemitism in Europe, including in the Netherlands, what role do you see for your embassy in addressing the safety and inclusion of Jewish communities here?

“I consider myself not only ambassador of Israel, but also ambassador for the Jewish people. From the first day of my mission here, I have made it a priority to connect and work with the Jewish community. They serve as a bridge between our two countries. It is important that anyone and everyone can be themselves without fear. It is paramount that clear action is taken against any form of antisemitism. The Jewish community has a long and rich history in this beautiful country.”

What do you believe is most misunderstood about Israel’s position or actions in this current conflict, and how can diplomacy help bridge that gap in understanding?

“The Netherlands is a different environment, and this creates misunderstanding about the reality Israel finds itself in. The State of Israel is committed to the safety and security of its citizens. Our fight is not against the Palestinians, but against Hamas. Israel has to defend itself. We can never allow another October 7 to happen again.”

Demographic Shifts and Policy Challenges

The Netherlands has traditionally been a close partner of Israel and played a mediating role in the region, partly rooted in its historical responsibility after the Holocaust, in which over 100,000 Dutch Jews perished. However, the country’s demographics have changed significantly in recent decades, with a growing Muslim population that is more vocal in domestic and foreign policy debates. How do you perceive this shift affecting the Netherlands’ position towards Israel and the broader Middle East? And how should this be balanced with its historical relationship with the Jewish community and the State of Israel?

“It is important that decisions that are made by the Dutch government, are made in the interest of the Netherlands. It cannot be that radical minorities force changes in policy by praising Hamas. Israel and the Netherlands share the values of democracy. I am confident that the longstanding relations will continue to grow.”

At Diplomat Magazine, we thank H.E. Mr. Modi Ephraim for his time and openness in answering our questions. We remain a neutral platform and are not responsible for the content of ambassadorial statements. Our goal is to support open dialogue and thoughtful diplomacy by providing space for the voices of those who represent their nations in The Hague.

Cameroon National Unity Day 2025

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Cameroon National Unity Day 2025

Theme: “Defence Forces and Cameroonian people in harmony to safeguard peace and national unity, bedrock of a strong and prosperous Cameroon”.

Cocktail on the Occasion of the 53rd Cameroon National Day Celebration in The Hague, Kurhaus Hotel, on May 23, 2025. Many fellow ambassadors along with senior officials of the Netherlands, International representatives, friends of Cameroon and members of the Cameroonian diaspora in the Netherlands and beyond. A  delightfully flamboyant atmosphere reigned in the Pronk Hall of the Kurhaus.

Ambassador H.E. Ms. Madeleine Liguemoh Ondoua delivered her welcome address:

“ On May 20, We commemorate the decision by referendum to make Unity the cornerstone of the Cameroonian Nation consecrated by the Unitary State. Unity in diversity and in peace, geared towards achieving a Great Nation, under the motto: “Peace, Work and Fatherland”. Thus, the theme chosen this year, ‘Army and Nation, united for a Cameroon turned towards peace and prosperity’, reflects the appeal of the Head of State, His Excellency Paul Biya.

Cameroon and the Netherlands enjoy long-standing relations based on mutual respect, technical cooperation, economic exchanges and cultural diplomacy. This cooperation was recently strengthened by the signing of MoUs:

  • With the FANEC/NAFTEC/NFS Consortium structure and the Cameroon Chamber of Agriculture, Fisheries, Livestock and Forestry,
  • between Cameroon’s Ministry of Water and Energy and the Dutch partners in the MINKOUMA hydroelectric project;
  • between the Dutch company African Construction and the municipalities of Cameroon, to rehabilitate certain roads.

Other highlights include last September’s visit by the ING bank to Cameroon and the announcement of funding for numerous projects in the agricultural sector, as well as the increase in the number of missions by Dutch equipment manufacturers to Cameroon over the last two years.

In addition, trade relations with the Netherlands have been consolidated, with the Netherlands now ranked Cameroon’s 1ᵉʳ trading partner since 2023 and one of the main destinations for products such as cocoa powder, cocoa paste and oils.

At the multilateral level, Cameroon has a stronger presence in multilateral organization based in the Netherlands, with which it pursues its constructive engagement.  ,

Ambassador Liguemoh Ondoua with friends of Cameroon.

This evening’s ceremony brings to a close a week of intense activities organised alongside the celebration of the 53rd edition of the National Day, focusing on sport, culture and innovation including:

  • a Mass of thanksgiving for Cameroon;
  • a football tournament involving eleven teams from the Diplomatic Corps, the Dutch and Cameroonian communities. The Moroccan team won the tournament. The tournament was accompanied by an exhibition of works of art and a cultural event
  • an international film festival, a major innovation of this year’s event in the Netherlands, which was only possible, thanks to a fruitful partnership with the International Institute of Social Studies.

This first edition of the International Film Festival ended with the signing of a Declaration of Intent between Cameroonian and Dutch cultural players on 22 May 2025.

At this point, I would like to express my deep gratitude to the dynamic team of staff at the Embassy and to all the people and partners who made this week such a success. Without being exhaustive, we salute the contribution of:

  • The Autonomous Port of Douala ;
  • CIMPOR .
  • COCOA VALLEY;
  • UTAMTSI ;
  • WHAT WATER ;
  • Des Senteurs & du Goût ;
  • ICON Production ;
  • International Institute of Social Studies ;
  • Le Festival International du Film Panafricain ;
  • L’Alliance Française ;
  • The City Council of The Hague;
  • The City Council of Wassenaar,
  • The NGOs  GREAT The Hague and STEK Den Haag ;
  • MBOARTS ;
  • DONATELA CREATIONS

Before closing my remarks, I would like to share a few words with our compatriots. Ladies and Gentlemen of the Cameroonian Community,

Your dynamism in your professional and personal occupations makes you Ambassadors for Cameroon on a daily basis. Under the leadership of the President of the Republic, Paul Biya, and its institutions, our country is resolutely committed to development and progress. Progress that is naturally strewn with trials that we will undoubtedly overcome, thanks to our unity in diversity, the sense of common belonging, and our sincere commitment.

This unity and commitment make us say that << Impossible is not Cameroonian >>. Therefore, let us never lose sight of the need to remain united and work together respectfully to strengthen national unity.

Before proceeding with the pleasant ritual of raising a toast in honor of the friendly relations between the Republic of Cameroon and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, I would like to hand over an honorary distinction awarded by the President of the Republic to a Brilliant compatriot.

Monsieur Guy Andela, au nom du Président de la République et en vertu des pouvoirs qui nous sont conférés, nous vous faisons Chevalier de l’ordre de la Valeur.

Finally, I ask you to raise your glasses for unity, peace, the prosperity of Cameroon, and the fortification of relations between the Netherlands and Cameroon.”

The rich and diverse gastronomy of Cameroon was confidently showcased to the guests, perfectly complemented by the vibrant rhythms of Cameroonian music. The presence of colorfully dressed Cameroonian women invigorated the festive atmosphere, ensuring the evening was an unforgettable experience. Attendees enthusiastically praised and appreciated this remarkable event.

The NATO Meeting in The Hague and the Latest Developments in the International Security Environment

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The NATO Meeting in The Hague and the Latest Developments in the International Security Environment

Conclusions and Lessons for Military and Intelligence Services

“Geopolitics does not forgive ignorance and does not reward indecision.” — adapted from Zbigniew Brzezinski


By Corneliu Pivariu

The NATO meeting held in The Hague on June 24-25, 2025, took place in a tense and fluid international context, where the rules-based global order is under pressure, and the European security architecture continues to be deeply affected by Russia’s aggression against Ukraine. The persistence of the conflict in Ukraine, the escalation of tensions in the Middle East, the strengthening of the Sino-Russian strategic partnership, and the reconfiguration of global power balances define a critical stage for Euro-Atlantic collective security. The meeting serves as an essential preparatory moment for the NATO Summit in Washington in July 2025, where the Alliance’s strategic directions for the coming years will be established.

Concurrently, the world is witnessing rising tensions in the Middle East, intensifying rivalries among great powers in the Indo-Pacific, and the proliferation of hybrid and cyber conflicts. In this context, analyzing the Hague meeting is crucial for understanding the direction in which NATO is redefining its strategic role, while evaluating the lessons learned is necessary for both the armed forces and the intelligence communities of member states.

The Hague Meeting – Strategic Messages and NATO Priorities

The meeting in The Hague conveyed several clear signals:

  • Reaffirmation of Allied solidarity and strengthening collective defense capabilities, particularly on Europe’s eastern flank;
  • Acceleration of the implementation of regional defense plans, part of NATO’s new deterrence and response strategy;
  • Increased support for Ukraine, including through more robust supply lines for weapons, technical assistance, and operational intelligence sharing;
  • Assessment of the readiness of Allied military capabilities in relation to the new concept of “multi-domain defense” (land, air, sea, space, cyber).

The meeting laid the groundwork for the July Summit, where additional member state contributions to the defense budget and the strengthening of NATO’s relations with global partners, particularly in the Pacific region, are expected to be formalized.

The International Security Environment – Three Major Trends

1. Persistence of the War in Ukraine – The conflict appears to be entering a phase of strategic attrition, with the risk of becoming a protracted “frozen conflict.” Russia continues to adapt its tactics, combining massive missile and drone strikes on civilian infrastructure with an offensive narrative in the international information space. NATO faces a dilemma: how to effectively support Ukraine without directly escalating the conflict.

2. Instability in the Middle East – The strategic rivalry between Israel and Iran has intensified, with the direct involvement of non-state actors supported by Tehran (Hezbollah, Houthis). The Gaza conflict has generated a wave of regional insecurity, and maritime security in the Red Sea and the Strait of Hormuz is constantly threatened.

A significant geopolitical and strategic development is the recent U.S. attack on key targets in Iran’s nuclear program, including uranium enrichment facilities and research centers suspected of developing nuclear weapons. The operation, conducted with high-precision means and supported by intelligence from regional partners, was limited but strategic: it sent a clear signal regarding the U.S. red line on nuclear proliferation in the region, while also raising risks of conflict escalation.

3. Escalating Tensions in the Indo-Pacific – Although NATO has no operational mandate in the Indo-Pacific, the meeting highlighted growing concerns about China’s actions: pressure on Taiwan, militarization of the South China Sea, indirect support for Russia, and the use of emerging technologies for surveillance, hybrid influence, and cyber espionage. NATO reaffirmed the need for enhanced cooperation with regional partners—Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand—to deter attempts to alter the status quo by force.

Internal Challenges for the Alliance: Budgets, Cohesion, Performance Criteria

Despite demonstrated unity, NATO faces challenges regarding:

  • Uneven defense budgets (not all states meet the 2% GDP[1] threshold);
  • Persistent bilateral frictions (Turkey-Greece, Hungary-Ukraine, though the latter is not a NATO member), as well as positions expressed prior to the meeting by officials from Slovakia and Italy[2];
  • The influence of domestic politics on military and intelligence efficiency.

A controversial issue was the impact of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) policies promoted in some Western structures. These are criticized for potentially undermining merit- and performance-based selection, to the detriment of operational efficiency—with possible negative effects in crisis situations.

Military Lessons – Adapting to the Reality of 21st-Century Warfare

  • The importance of information superiority and rapid response at tactical, operational, and strategic levels, essential for the success of any operation.
  • The need for genuine interoperability among member states’ military systems.
  • Reevaluation of logistical capabilities.
  • Strengthening air defense and anti-drone capabilities, based on lessons from Ukraine.
  • The strategic and technological flexibility of the U.S. enables operations beyond the European theater.
  • The relevance of preventive deterrence capabilities returns as a key point on the security agenda.

Lessons for Intelligence Communities

  • Information warfare requires enhanced capacity to detect disinformation.
  • Human resource policies must be reevaluated: meritocracy must take precedence.
  • The need for genuine cooperation among Allied intelligence services.
  • Strengthening protection against infiltrations and betrayals.

Specific Lessons for Romania in the Military Domain

For Romania, the current context presents both opportunities and significant risks:

  • Its geostrategic position on NATO’s eastern flank grants it a key role in deterring Russia. Accelerating military modernization is essential.
  • Intelligence services must enhance their capacity for anticipation and protection of critical infrastructure.

Romania needs an updated national security doctrine based on real threats, which should include:

  • Accelerating military modernization programs, with emphasis on ISR (intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance) capabilities, drones, air defense, and A2/AD (anti-access/area denial) systems;
  • Developing regional training and rapid response centers in cooperation with NATO allies;
  • Strengthening logistical and strategic transport infrastructure along the Black Sea-Carpathians-Western Europe axis;
  • Joint training and enhanced interoperability with NATO forces deployed in the region;
  • Reassessing territorial defense strategies for potential medium-intensity, short-duration conflicts;
  • Deepening and operationalizing bilateral partnerships within NATO;
  • Rapidly rebuilding the defense industry (with immediate focus on ammunition production[3]) through firm and urgently implemented decisions.

Through professionalism, strategic coherence, and political will, Romania can play a role commensurate with its geographic position and the current historical context.

Lessons for Romania – Intelligence and Information Dimension

  • Reevaluation of selection, training, and promotion processes within intelligence services, emphasizing meritocracy, professionalism, and accumulated experience;
  • Rethinking operational-intelligence doctrines in an environment marked by hybrid wars and complex cyber threats, optimizing the TEHINT/HUMINT balance to better utilize human capital while considering financial constraints;
  • Enhancing strategic anticipation capacity through operational partnerships with similar structures in NATO and EU states;
  • Adapting the organizational culture of intelligence services to address new generations of threats, including narrative influence, disinformation, and covert non-military operations.

General Conclusions

The NATO meeting in The Hague in 2025 was significantly influenced by the U.S. strikes on Iranian nuclear facilities, which amplified global tensions and highlighted the fragility of international security. The decisions taken, from strengthening collective defense to intensifying intelligence cooperation, reflect NATO’s efforts to adapt to a volatile strategic environment. The Hague meeting reaffirms NATO as a cornerstone of Euro-Atlantic security. The Alliance faces a complex strategic equation: a conventional war in the East (Ukraine), asymmetric risks in the South (Middle East, North Africa), and systemic global competition with China. In this context, NATO’s ability to remain credible, cohesive, and effective will depend on modernizing doctrines, internal unity, and global projection capacity.

For Romania, this is an opportunity to position itself as a relevant regional actor, provided it has a clear strategic vision, an adapted defense policy, and a national security system aligned with NATO’s operational and value standards. It is also a moment for deep reflection on the quality of political and institutional leadership in defense and security, in an increasingly uncertain and unpredictable international context.

Paper presented at the international webinar organized by EURODEFENSE – Bucharest, Romania, on June 26, 2025

Note on Methodology

This analysis was based on official NATO documents, public statements by Alliance leaders, and assessments published by international strategic and security think tanks such as RUSI, IISS, Foreign Affairs, Chatham House, RAND Corporation, and others.

[1] As of 2024, 23 out of the 32 NATO member states have reached or exceeded the 2% of GDP threshold for defense budgets.
However, disparities persist: countries such as Spain (~1.3%), Canada, Italy, and Belgium still fall short of this level.

At the NATO Summit in The Hague (June 2025), a more ambitious target was adopted: 5% of GDP by 2035, divided into two components: 3.5% for direct military expenditures and 1.5% for infrastructure, cybersecurity, and resilience. The first intermediate report is scheduled for 2029, and some countries—such as Spain—have secured “flexibility” to align gradually.

Only a few states (Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia) have already announced their commitment to reach 5% in the coming decades; most of the others have more ambitious goals than 2%, but remain below 3–4%.

This transition marks a “quantum leap” in Europe’s defense capability and reflects both the political pressure from the United States and the strategic focus toward 2029–2035, in an increasingly tense global context.

[2] Recent statements from leaders of NATO member states have reflected differing visions for the Alliance’s future.Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico evoked the possibility of withdrawing from NATO “under certain conditions,” suggesting that neutrality could become a strategic option for his country (see: Euractiv Slovakia, June 2025).
Similarly, Italy’s Minister of Defense, Guido Crosetto, stated that “NATO no longer makes sense in its current form,” advocating for profound reform and for expanding the Alliance’s mission to include new strategic areas, including the Global South (La Repubblica, June 20, 2025).

Although these statements do not represent the official positions of their respective governments, they reflect internal rhetoric that could influence perceptions of the Alliance’s unity.

[3] Although the war in Ukraine has already been ongoing for three years, the powder factory in Victoria (Brașov County), which has been in preservation since 2004, has still not been reactivated and is only now set to be rebuilt through a strategic partnership between ROMARM and the German company Rheinmetall.

The investment, estimated at over €400 million (including €47 million through the European ASAP program), aims to establish a modern production facility for energetic powders (TNT, RDX), with a projected completion date in 2027.

Although the relaunch enjoys government support, the project faces structural difficulties: lack of active production, outdated infrastructure, recurring salary issues, and controversies surrounding the company’s management—despite the high strategic importance for the national defense industry.

The Power of Dialogue

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The Power of Dialogue


First Anniversary of the International Day for Dialogue Among Civilizations and Peaceful Coexistence


The Hague | June 10, 2025

On the occasion of the first anniversary of the International Day for Dialogue Among Civilizations, the Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, in collaboration with Diplomat Magazine, hosted a reception at the emblematic Peace Palace in The Hague.

Held in the Peace Palace’s auditorium, the event welcomed a carefully selected group of guests from the diplomatic corps, international courts, media, and academia—creating a unique platform to honour the values of dialogue, mutual understanding, and peaceful coexistence.

H.E. Mr. Jian Tan, Ambassador of the People’s Republic of China.

The event began with opening remarks delivered by Mr. John Dunkelgrün, Editor of Diplomat Magazine, standing in for the magazine’s Publisher and Founder, Dr. Mayelinne De Lara, who was unexpectedly abroad on a personal trip. In his speech, Mr. Dunkelgrün reflected on the importance of the day:

“Here, in the very halls of international law and diplomacy, we reaffirm our shared commitment to the permanent values of freedom, justice, dignity, and peace. In a world where these values are too often tested, dialogue among civilizations remains our most powerful tool—for managing differences, for building bridges, and imagining a future rooted in respect and shared humanity.”

The program continued with a short video highlighting the global call for intercultural dialogue, followed by a keynote address by H.E. Mr. Jian Tan, Ambassador of the People’s Republic of China to the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

In his address, Ambassador Tan recalled China’s role in proposing the UN resolution that established June 10 as the International Day for Dialogue Among Civilizations—a resolution adopted unanimously by all UN member states in 2023. He praised the Peace Palace as a symbol of the international rule of law and emphasized that diversity is a strength—not a source of division.

“The International Day for Dialogue among Civilizations is meant for better understanding, enhanced cooperation and human progress, for peace and development. Each civilization has its own strengths,” the Ambassador stated. “There is no such thing as a superior or inferior civilization… Harmony is a salient feature of Chinese culture. Confucius said, ‘Do not do to others as you would not have them do to you.’”

He also reminded the audience of the importance of people-to-people exchange, and highlighted the deeper principle guiding China’s foreign engagement:

“President Xi Jinping in the Global Civilization Initiative put forward in 2023, said that China advocates the respect for the diversity of civilizations, advocates the common values of humanity: peace, development, equity, justice, democracy, and freedom.

Yes, these are common values, not exclusive to any one culture. They belong to all mankind. Dialogue is to break barriers and build bridges. Dialogue is to enhance understanding and cooperation.”

Ambassador Tan emphasized that China does not export ideology but rather seeks cooperation through trade and dialogue, and he praised the Netherlands for its global leadership in climate change adaptation. “ China will continue working with all other countries under the UN framework to build a world where diverse civilizations coexist, justice is upheld by law, and inclusiveness benefits all.”

Following the speeches, guests enjoyed a culturally inspired reception in the Peace Palace’s celebrated gardens, with refreshments reflecting Chinese culinary traditions and ample opportunity for diplomatic and cross-cultural exchange.

The event concluded with a warm acknowledgment of all attendees, including members of the International Court of Justice. Organizers expressed special appreciation for the presence of Judges and the Registrar, who were able to join following the conclusion of their duties.

With its iconic setting at the Peace Palace and its message of unity and dialogue, this commemoration marked a meaningful beginning to what is expected to become an annual tradition of intercultural understanding and global cooperation.

Diplomat Magazine is proud to have supported this historic moment and remains committed to creating platforms for diplomacy and intercultural exchange.

NATO and China are not contenders

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NATO and China are not contenders

                                  

By Prof. Xiaoyang Zhang

NATO and China are not allies. Nor are they on good terms as partners. This was so in history and is also the case at the present time.

Created after the World War II, NATO is a political and military coalition, embracing thirty-two member States currently, mostly from the West led by the US.  Originally, NATO was to counter-balance the Soviet Union and its satellite Eastern European countries. The bedrock principles for NATO members to adhere to could be well detected in the North Atlantic Treaty, i.e. the NATO’s founding protocol.

In light of the North Atlantic Treaty, collective defence is NATO’s lifeline, and NATO members must be in full compliance with the Charter of the United Nations as to ensure global security and justice.

New China (i.e. the People’s Republic of China) was founded by the Chinese Communist Party in 1949. Unsurprisingly, new China and its ideological mentor Soviet Union were intimate comrades for quite a long period of time.

As opposed to NATO, the Warsaw Pact was launched in the mid 1950s, standing side by side with the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, an economic inter-nation organization forged by the Soviet Union with a view to economically supporting each other within the Eastern bloc.

In this connection, the Warsaw Pact was hammered out as a staunch collective defence mechanism standing up to NATO and protecting the Eastern bloc, which was spearheaded and orchestrated by the Soviet Union. Thus, a Western bloc shielded by NATO and an Eastern bloc shored up by the Warsaw Pact appeared to balance the world’s layout then. This sort of geopolitical stand-off permeated most of the Cold War time. Notably, China did not join the Warsaw Pact, and it consistently proclaimed itself as an non-alliance sovereign nation, though a communist country in essence.  

In a strict sense, NATO is not an international organization other than a strategic alliance sharing identical ideologies. Even in today’s time, long after the collapse of the Soviet-controlled Eastern bloc and the Soviet Union itself, arresting military conflicts and collectively safeguarding peaceful territories for all NATO’s member nations remains NATO’s unaltered aim.

To that end, there have been eight Strategic Concepts in aggregate formally made public by NATO at various points in time. The NATO 2022 Strategic Concept is the latest one.

The 2022 Strategic Concept illustrates NATO’s updated tactics to deal with some of the most thorny issues in today’s world.  Previously, China had never been mentioned in any Strategic Concept which NATO officially enacted. But in the 2022 Strategic Concept, China has been manifested for the first time as one of NATO’s predominant targets to tame. The endorsed NATO 2030 agenda mentioned that initiative, too. But just a couple of years back, the relevant NATO summit communiqué and report merely unveiled their concern that the challenges stemming from China’s rapid development may menace the integrity of international orders that are highly valued by NATO members at all times. They seemed not to take such supposition too seriously.

The 2022 Strategic Concept lays bare NATO’s stance on China in a quite different way. It seems to suggest that Euro-Atlantic security is facing systemic challenges from China. And China is first of all complained about its murky military strategies, ambitions and possible expansion. China is further criticized to have somewhat leveraged some of its monopolies over science and technology, and worse still, to have utilized its economic prowess to slight well-established global principles based on universal perspectives on democracy, freedom and justice. Most startlingly, the 2022 Strategic Concept envisages the ongoing pally relations between Beijing and Moscow as a contributing factor exacerbating the problems encountered by maintaining current international order and world peace.

China vehemently impugned NATO’s admonitions. In response, China timely put forward its Law on Foreign Relations, where the three Initiatives (i.e. the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative and the Global Civilization Initiative) are incorporated.

On the whole, NATO and China both have to concede that their present relations are clearly at an arm’s length, in spite of the sad accident during the Kosovo War in 1999 when NATO forces bombed China’s Embassy in Belgrade, giving rise to horrendous staffer casualties. Nonetheless, craving peace and development and accepting the plausible complementarities that might exist between one another can be a less threatening third route. Either China or NATO members (even those de facto NATO members/partners like Australia, Japan, and the Philippines, etc.) may need to consider this option in a wisely manner.

Regardless of ideologies, NATO and China are supposedly two responsible forces in political, economical and national defence senses. They have mutual obligations to shelter natural justice and global safety from any brutal impairment. This common goal is achievable not necessarily between close military allies on the same camp, so long as NATO and China are able to eschew contending against each other and resourcefully tap into collaboration as two conspicuously useful stakeholders in stead of unreasonably irreconcilable adversaries.

About the author:

Xiaoyang Zhang, Professor, Beijing Foreign Studies University School of Law

El Salvador and International Law

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El Salvador and International Law

Reflections from The Ambassador Lecture Series at Maastricht University

On 27 May 2025, H.E. Mr. Agustín Vásquez Gómez, Ambassador of the Republic of El Salvador to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, delivered a compelling lecture at the Faculty of Law of Maastricht University, titled “El Salvador in International Law: From Historical Challenges to a Legal Framework for Security and Development.”

Ambassador Vásquez Gómez is a senior career diplomat currently serving his second term in The Hague. During his previous posting (2014–2020), he held several leadership roles, including President of the Fourth Review Conference of the OPCW and Chairman of its Executive Council. He also served as El Salvador’s first Ambassador to Türkiye and later as Permanent Representative to the Organisation of American States (2021–2023). Since 2000, he has held senior positions in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, specialising in multilateral diplomacy, international negotiations, security, and development cooperation.

From deep challenges to hope

Opening the lecture, Ambassador Vásquez Gómez offered a thoughtful reflection on the historical evolution of the country since its establishment as a Republic in the 19th century. He highlighted the complex political and social challenges that have shaped its path, including periods marked by profound inequalities. At the time, the absence of effective international accountability mechanisms underscored the limitations of the global legal framework in responding to large-scale injustices.

The Ambassador explained that the conclusion of the internal armed conflict brought a renewed sense of hope and a collective aspiration for lasting peace. However, the post-conflict period also revealed complex and unforeseen challenges. Social disruptions driven by transnational influences gradually weakened community cohesion and contributed to the rise of organized criminal structures. Over time, these dynamics gave way to widespread insecurity, with gang-related violence becoming a deeply entrenched concern to a point that in 2015 El Salvador was ranked as the most violent country in the world. Nevertheless, since 2019, the country has witnessed tangible signs of progress. Efforts aimed at strengthening institutions, improving public security, and fostering a culture of civic trust have begun to mark a significant turning point in the national landscape.

H.E. Mr. Agustín Vásquez Gómez, during The Ambassador Lecture Series at Maastricht University.

Three Milestones of Engagement with International Law

El Salvador’s engagement with international law has evolved through a series of defining moments that underscore its commitment to peaceful dispute resolution, democratic consolidation, and the defense of sovereign principles.

In its pursuit of regional stability, the country has turned to international legal institutions to address complex issues related to territorial integrity and cross-border relations, opting for dialogue and adjudication over confrontation. This approach not only brought resolution to longstanding differences but also reinforced confidence in legal mechanisms as tools for peace.

International law also played a fundamental role in El Salvador’s democratic transition. Moreover, El Salvador has demonstrated that, through principled engagement with international fora, states of all sizes can effectively uphold their rights and interests. These experiences reflect a strategic and constructive use of international law to advance national priorities, strengthen the rule of law, and contribute to a more just and rules-based international order.

Judge José Gustavo Guerrero: A Salvadoran Legacy

Ambassador Vásquez Gómez paid tribute to Judge José Gustavo Guerrero, one of El Salvador’s foremost legal figures. Guerrero was the final President of the Permanent Court of International Justice and the inaugural President of the International Court of Justice. He played a foundational role in shaping core principles of international law, including pacta sunt servanda (now enshrined in Article 26 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties) and the sovereign equality of States (Article 2(1) of the UN Charter).

In 1940, Guerrero famously refused to evacuate the Peace Palace in The Hague as troops during the Nazi era approached, symbolising his unwavering commitment to international justice. He also served as El Salvador’s Minister of Foreign Affairs and authored foundational legislation for the country’s Foreign Service. His legacy is commemorated each year on his birthday, 26 June.

El Salvador Today: Reform and Security

Today, El Salvador presents a striking case of transformation. From civil war and criminal violence, the country has emerged as one of the safest in the region. The turning point came with the election of President Nayib Bukele in 2019 and the implementation of the Territorial Control Plan. This initiative prioritised security alongside substantial investments in education, health, and infrastructure. Over 82,000 gang members were imprisoned, and homicide rates fell dramatically.

The Ambassador addressed concerns raised by international organisations regarding the treatment of prisoners, emphasising the moral dilemma: “Where were these voices when entire communities were being held hostage by criminals?” While affirming the importance of prisoners’ rights, he argued that the collective right to live in peace and dignity must also be respected.

A Platform for Dialogue

The event formed part of The Ambassador Lecture Series, a bi-monthly initiative convened by Professor Fabián Raimondo at the Faculty of Law of Maastricht University. Organised with the assistance of the European Law Students’ Association (ELSA) Maastricht and under the auspices of the Maastricht Centre for Human Rights, the series offers a platform for ambassadors to reflect on international law, international relations and/or diplomacy from a national perspective. This lecture marked the conclusion of the 2024–2025 academic year. The series will resume in September.

For further inquiries about The Ambassador Lecture Series, please contact Professor Raimondo at fabian.raimondo@maastrichtuniversity.nl

Authors: Magdalena Latalska, Ester Špaková, Gaia Ziliani, Maya Herrlett, Nehir Tuyluoglu and Lena Einhorn.

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