Azerbaijan Celebrates 104 Years Democratic and Secular Statehood

By Roy Lie Atjam

The Ambassador of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the Netherlands H.E. Mr Fikrat Akhundov and  Mrs Vusala Akhundova, hosted a reception on the occasion of the 104th anniversary of the Independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

The celebration was at the embassy on Friday,  28 May 2022, was well attended and featured many ambassadors, Algeria, Argentina, Costa Rica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Philipinnes, South Africa, and the deputy DG.OPCW, diplomats from Morocco, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Senegal and others. Further, an Azerbaijani dance group performed National Dances adding to the festive atmosphere.

Ambassador Akhundov welcome OPCW Deputy Director General, Odette Melono, https://www.opcw.org/about/ts/leadership/deputy-director-general
H.E. Mr Fikrat Akhundov and the Director General of the International Commission on Missing Persons, Ms Kathryne Bomberger.

This year Azerbaijan and the Netherlands celebrate 30 years of diplomatic relations. For 30 years, Azerbaijan and the Netherlands built their relations on mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty, Azerbaijan believes that these relations will further grow and contribute to the prosperity of the two nations.

Ambassador Fikrat Akhundov’s welcome speech walked his guests through the history and independence proclamation to the present day. Indeed, the Ambassador spoke on a range of fascinating topics. This is what he stated.

“Today is a significant day in the history of Azerbaijan. 104 years ago, on May 28, 1918, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic declared its independence and thus became the first secular democratic republic in the Muslim East.

Proclaimed during complex geo-political times, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic has left a significant mark on the rich history of the statehood of Azerbaijan. In the short period of its existence, the first Parliament and Government were established. Different ethnic groups living in Azerbaijan were elected to the first Parliament, regardless of their religion or ethnicity, and gained the right to express their views openly.

All citizens of the country – regardless their gender – were given the same rights based on the principles of equality. For the first time in the Eastern world, women’s suffrage was granted in 1918 in Azerbaijan. The young Republic of Azerbaijan has defined its state borders, state symbols, established the first diplomatic relations with foreign countries. 16 foreign countries, as Great Britain, Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Iran, USA, Ukraine, Finland, Sweden and Switzerland have opened representations in Azerbaijan. When Azerbaijan declared its independence, the territory of Azerbaijan was 114 km2 and the population was 3.3 million.

However, two years later, as a result of geo-political processes in the region, Azerbaijan lost its state independence in April 1920 and became part of the USSR until 1991. Nevertheless, Azerbaijan was able to preserve its cultural heritage, traditions and ancient history.

Only 71 years later, on October 18, 1991, Azerbaijan regained its independence, but the country’s territory was no longer 114 km, but only 86.6 km2. In addition, since the early days of its independence, Azerbaijan has faced new territorial claims and aggression. Thus, in 1991-1993, nearly 20% of the historical territory of Azerbaijan, including the Karabakh region and East Zangazur, was occupied by Armenia. About 1 million Azerbaijanis were expelled from their homeland, some were taken hostage or went missing, the ancient monuments, mosques and other historical buildings belonging to Azerbaijanis were destroyed, natural resources were illegally exploited. Finally, in November 2020, Azerbaijan restored justice and liberated its historical territories from occupation.

At present, the main goal of Azerbaijan Government is demining and restoration the liberated territories and the return of IDPs to their homelands after 30 years. Azerbaijan has declared Karabakh and East Zangazur a “green energy” zone. Many Western and Asian companies have already begun to take part in these projects.

New transport, logistics, eco-tourism, smart cities and smart villages projects have been launched in the region. The goal is to transform the region fully into a green energy zone by 2050, as well as reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 40 percent.

From ancient times Azerbaijan has been the bridge between East and West, North and South. This tendency has not changed for modern Azerbaijan. Due to this geographical position Azerbaijan became a principal transportation hub. Azerbaijan has built one of the biggest ports at the Caspian Sea and Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway route has been realized.

After the restoration of its independence in 1991, Azerbaijan has participated in many regional projects, cooperating on the international stage with the EU, OSCE, NATO, OIC and became the reliable partner for both West and global South. Azerbaijan has been elected to the positions at different international organizations. Namely, Azerbaijan has been the non-permanent member of the UN Security Council in 2012-2013 and has been chairing Non-alignment movement since 2018.

In the framework of the partnership with NATO, for instance, Azerbaijan peacekeepers helped with the evacuation at Kabul airport in Afghanistan.

H.E. Ms. Ksenija Milenkovic, Ambassador of the Republic of Serbia at her arrival at the Azerbaijan commemoration of the 104 Anniversary.
Ambassador Akhundov welcome the Ambassador of Lebanon, H.E. Mr. Abdel Sattar Issa.
Welcoming the Ambassador of Peru, H.E. Ms. Marisol Aguero Colunga.

In its global efforts to fight COVID-19 and expressing its solidarity with states affected by the virus, the Government of Azerbaijan has donated 10 million US dollars to World Health Organization, 5 million of which was to support the most affected NAM countries.

Azerbaijan is strategic partner of EU in ensuring energy security of the region. Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline and the natural gas projects TANAP and TAP were launched for this purpose. TAP (transadriatic pipeline) in particular plays a key role in the EU’s strategic goal of energy security. Currently, in connection with the crisis in Ukraine, Azerbaijan has provided humanitarian aid worth 15 million euros and continues its efforts.

Azerbaijan or the Land of Fire is recognized in the world for its ancient history, culture, national folklore, carpet weaving, cuisine and for its famous Karabakh horses. The newly liberated city of Shusha, the cultural capital of Azerbaijan, that celebrates its 270th anniversary this year, has been declared the cultural capital of Turkic world for 2023 by The International Organization of Turkic Culture (TURKSOY).

H.E. Ms Marisol Aguero Colunga, Ambassador of the Republic of Peru, Mrs. Beatriz Piza, spouse of the Costa Rican Ambassador, H.E. Mr. Arnoldo Brenes Castro, Ambassador of Costa Rica and H.E. Mr. Fikrat Akhundov, the Ambassador of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

The capital of Azerbaijan – Baku city has hosted many international sporting competitions and cultural events. This year, in 2 weeks Formula 1 Azerbaijan Grand prix will again take place in Baku. Baku circuit has become one of the most excited and challenging races for Formula 1 pilots and fans since 2017.

It should be also noted this year marks the 30th anniversary of Azerbaijani-Dutch diplomatic relations. For the last 30 years the relations between Azerbaijan and the Netherlands had a trajectory of development in different spheres, from agriculture to logistics, from education to tourism, culture and so on. About 50 Dutch companies work in Azerbaijan in different fields. Also Azerbaijan companies cooperate closely with Dutch companies in the Netherlands.

Today we present to you the products of Anna Dutch Company, which produces caviar of the sturgeon from Caspian Sea in the Netherlands. I would like to thank the company for its contribution to this event. Azerbaijan and the Netherlands has a huge potential in the bilateral relations and we hope it will further deepen in the future.

Dear friends, distinguished guests, I am grateful to you for being here today with us and celebrating the 104th anniversary of the Independence of Azerbaijan” end quote.

The festive event concluded with a reception and a galore of caviar, courtesy of Anna Dutch B.V.

Happy Independence Day Azerbaijan!

Dr Nicholas O’Brien reinforces dialogue with Bundesrat President Ramelow

Wednesday, 1 June 2022, Erfurt, Free State of Thuringia, Germany: The Premier of Thuringia, Bodo Ramelow, President pro tempore of the German Federal Council (Bundesrat) received the Ambassador of the Republic of Ireland, Dr. Nicholas O’Brien, in the Thuringian State Chancellery for his inaugural visit.

The purpose of the bilateral meeting was to become acquainted to each other as well as to exchange views on economic, political and cultural cooperation between Ireland and the Federal State of Thuringia. Dr Nicholas O’Brien has been accredited to the German Federation since 11 September 2019.

“Thuringia is the green heart of Germany. The heart is also reflected in the symbol of Thuringia’s 2022 Federal Council Presidency – mirrored from two twos” said Premier Bodo Ramelow as he presented the symbol of the Federal Council Presidency to the Ambassador of Ireland, Dr. Nicholas O’Brien, during his visit to the Thuringian State Chancellery.

This year Erfurt will be the official centre of celebrations for the German Unification Day. 

For further information
Government of the Free State of Thuringia: https://www.staatskanzlei-thueringen.de/medienservice/veranstaltungsberichte/detailseite/default-4565895049
https://www.staatskanzlei-thueringen.de/medienservice/veranstaltungsberichte/detailseite/gruesse-aus-irland

L’Ecole de Formation professionnelle des Barreaux remporte la première édition du concours de procès fictif de la Cour pénale internationale

Aujourd’hui, le 3 juin 2022, l’Ecole de Formation professionnelle des Barreaux du ressort de la Cour d’appel de Paris – EFB (France) a remporté la finale de la première édition de la version française du concours de procès fictif de la Cour pénale internationale (CPI), qui a eu lieu dans la salle d’audience II de la CPI à La Haye (Pays-Bas). Le jury était composé de M. le juge de la CPI Marc Perrin de Brichambaut, juge président, Mme la juge de la CPI Reine Alapini-Gansou, et de la juriste de la CPI Adelaide Figueiras.

L’Ecole de formation professionnelle des avocats du Nord-Ouest – IXAD (France) a remporté la deuxième place. Le prix du « Meilleur orateur » a été décerné à Manon Lanselle de l’Ecole de formation professionnelle des avocats du Nord-Ouest – IXAD.

L’équipe lauréate était composée de Gabriel Sebbah, Raphaël Biais, Sophie Lejeune et Léa Darves-Bornoz. Les équipes se sont affrontées dans une affaire fictive et ont présenté leurs arguments dans les rôles du Bureau du Procureur et de la Défense, qui ont été diffusés en direct sur le site Internet de la Cour ainsi que sur son compte Facebook.

Cette première édition du concours de procès fictif en langue française est organisée par l’Académie de droit international de La Haye, avec le soutien de l’Ambassade de France aux Pays-Bas. 40 étudiants de 10 universités de 5 pays ont participé à l’étape préliminaire de cette édition en français du concours procès fictif de la CPI.

Dans le cadre du programme qu’elle consacre aux milieux universitaires, la CPI soutient l’organisation de concours de procès fictifs en anglais, en chinois, en espagnol, en russe et en français, et envisage d’en soutenir également l’organisation d’une version en arabe à l’avenir. Ces initiatives jouent un rôle fondamental pour susciter dans les milieux universitaires de l’intérêt pour le travail de la Cour et pour mieux faire connaître et respecter le droit international pénal.

Karin Lodder – The Peace Palace Library’s new manager

As of the 1st of June 2022, Mrs. Karin Lodder will start as the new manager of the Peace Palace Library. The library specializes in professional literature on public and private international law, comparative law and jurisprudence from all parts of the world. Since its opening in 1913, the Peace Palace Library has grown over the past century into one of the most prestigious libraries in its field and is consulted by lawyers, scholars and students from around the world.

Karin Lodder has rich experience in managing library employees: over the past 16 years she has held various management positions at the KB, the national library of the Netherlands. Before, she led the information centre of law firm NautaDutilh. The move to the Peace Palace gives her the opportunity to bear final responsibility for this prominent library in the field of international law.

The Peace Palace Library is on the eve of major changes. As a result of an impulse in the subsidizing policy of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in addition to providing services to the Courts at the Peace Palace, the digitization of the library will be accelerated. Karin Lodder brings with her the expertise needed to facilitate this change, not only in terms of technology but also in terms of the necessary changes for the employees and the way that the services are provided. The Carnegie Foundation, owner and manager of the Peace Palace, is therefore pleased with her appointment.

Another aspect of the plans in the context of financing is that the Library of the Peace Palace focuses more explicitly on supporting the Courts in the Palace and must generate income for the services it offers to other parties. The library is not only used by the institutions in the palace (the United Nations International Court of Justice, the Permanent Court of Arbitration and the Hague Academy of International Law), but also by other international tribunals and organizations. An important group of customer are also academics and students of international law from various Dutch universities. Every year, the library’s unique collection is also frequently consulted by this group.

Jeroen Vervliet, librarian of the Peace Palace Library, has been freed to further develop the relationships with the two courts and the institutional users. He has extensive knowledge of the collections and services of the library thanks to his many years of experience at the Peace Palace.

The Importance of Interfaith Dialogue Discussed in The Hague

The Embassy of Kazakhstan in the Netherlands, together with the N. Nazarbayev Center for the Development of Interfaith and Intercivilizational Dialogue, held a round table on “Interfaith Dialogue for Peace and Harmony.” The event was organized ahead of the VII Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions.

Ambassador of Kazakhstan to the Netherlands Askar Zhumagaliyev welcomed the participants of the online round table: “Today, representatives of more than 130 nationalities, represented by 18 religious denominations, live in peace and harmony in our country. That is why Kazakhstan is rightly called a “crossroads of civilizations,” A.Zhumagaliyev said.

The Ambassador noted that Kazakhstan is a natural border between Islam, Christianity and Buddhism. Moreover, our country has managed to become a unique international platform for dialogue between world and traditional religions. For almost 20 years, Congress has been playing an important role in the reconciliation of cultures and civilizations, in the search for answers to the key challenges and threats of our time.

The Ambassador’s thesis was supported by the Vice-Rector of the Islamic University Rotterdam E. Akgyunduz.

“The world we live in is, unfortunately, fragmented. People argue and fight about almost anything. We are all different, but we all have something in common that unites us and will help us get through all the challenges of the 21st century – faith. Therefore, dialogue between confessions is more important today than ever,” said E. Akgyunduz. He thanked Kazakhstan for the initiative in organizing and holding the Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions.

In her speech, Erin Wilson, Professor of Politics and Religion at the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies at University of Groningen, noted that today there are no challenges that only certain countries face. In the geopolitical arena all states go through common difficulties.

«Therefore, we need to establish a dialogue not only between religious confessions, but also to involve non-religious circles in the dialogue. I suppose this is a fundamental change in attitude towards the current situation. This action will direct us to build peaceful and sustainable communities in which every person can achieve and unleash his potential», said Professor Wilson.

According to Yuliya Shapoval, Professor of the Department of Religious Studies at Eurasian National University, between the states there should be a clear coordination and support not only at the political level, but also through the prism of religion.

«The future of our world is our responsibility. Therefore, as soon as the situation with the coronavirus more or less stabilized, Kazakhstan continued its work on establishing interfaith dialogue», said Professor Shapoval.

In turn, the Chairman of the “Uzbek Ethno-cultural center of Nur-Sultan”, Sherzod Pulatov informed the participants of the round table on the activities of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. He noted that the Assembly is a unique model of interethnic accord and support between representatives of different ethnic groups.

«States can take it as a basis, as an example of friendship, respect and well-coordinated work between people», he concluded.

During the round table, Deputy Chairman of the Board of the N.Nazarbayev Center for development of interfaith and intercivilizational dialogue Nurlan Yessimov told the participants about the preparation and organizing work of the Center to the VII Congress of World Leaders and traditional religions, which will be held on September 14-15, 2022 in Nur-Sultan, noting that the Congress is a universal global interreligious dialogue platform that provides a constructive dialogue on the most pressing issues of our time.

In general, the participants of the round table noted the importance of promoting interfaith and intercivilizational dialogue at the international level, especially in the context of joint efforts to overcome the consequences of the pandemic, as well as to resolve regional conflicts that require interethnic and interreligious harmony in the name of peace and mutual understanding.

The round table was attended by H.E. Mr. Askar Zhumagaliev, Ambassador of Kazakhstan to the Netherlands; Nurlan Yessimov, Deputy Chairman of the Board of the N.Nazarbayev Center; Yuliya Shapoval, Professor of the Department of Religious Studies at the Eurasian National University; Sherzod Pulatov, Chairman of the “Uzbek Ethno-cultural center of Nur-Sultan”.

From the Dutch side the event was attended Emrullah Akgunduz, Vice Rector of Islamic University Rotterdam; Erin Wilson, Professor of Politics and Religion at the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies of University of Groningen; Jessica Roitman, Professor of Jewish Studies within the Faculty of Religion and Theology at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Ambassador Jos Douma, Special Envoy for Religion and Belief at the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Tchaikovsky XL with 100 young musicians in AMARE

International music project with orchestras from Hamburg and The Hague

Over 100 German and Dutch talented young musicians in the age of 15 up to 25
unite to form an extra large symphony orchestra to play in the AMARE concert hall
on 3 July 2022. The two orchestras, the Hamburg State Youth Orchestra (LJO) and Viotta Symphony Orchestra (SO) from The Hague, will play Tchaikovsky’s
spectacular 4th symphony.

Only half a year ago the orchestras found each other in their desire to finally perform for large live audiences again after too many lockdown periods. Coincidentally, they happened to be rehearsing the same symphonic work by Tchaikovsky. The idea to unite and stage this exhilarating work together was then quickly born.

The guests from Hamburg will stay with guest families in The Hague. On the first
day rehearsals have been scheduled in a renovated barn in the Dutch countryside
amongst the windmills of the village Stompwijk. There is also some leisure time
reserved for sightseeing downtown The Hague, followed by a dinner at the beach.
Sunday afternoon July 3rd is the highlight of the project, a joint performance in
AMARE, hopefully with an immense, live audience.

Tchaikovsky XL Concert
AMARE Concert hall, amare.nl
14.30 hrs, 3 July 2022
€15,- adults, €10,- up to 26 years old

Les Préludes, Franz Liszt by Viotta SO
Moldau, Bedrich Smetana by Viotta SO
-intervalSymphony no. 4, Pjotr Iljitsj Tchaikovsky by LJO and Viotta SO
conductor: René Gulikers
Landesjugendorchester Hamburg
Hamburg State Youth Orchestra
ljo-hamburg.de

Wednesday 25 May 2022
The Hamburg State Youth Orchestra was founded in 1968 – it is Hamburg’s oldest
youth orchestra. The 60-70 young musicians between the age of 14 and 25 meet up for weekly rehearsals in the surroundings of the harbour of Hamburg. In two
rehearsal periods a year, they work together on major works of orchestral literature.

The repertoire of the self-selected programs includes a wide range from baroque
concertos and romantic symphonies to contemporary works and crossover
projects.

The members work with great dedication not only on the music, but also on the
organization required to make music together. The board of the self-governed
orchestra cooperates closely with the Landesmusikrat Hamburg e. V. (Hamburg
State Music Council). Since 2005, the Hamburg State Youth Orchestra has been
under its sponsorship and is supported by the Ministry of Culture and Media of the
Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg.

Conductor: Johannes Witt
VIOTTA Youth Orchestras

viotta.nl
Viotta Youth Orchestras is an association founded in The Hague, consisting of five
orchestras of more than 250 young musicians in the age of 6 up to 25 years old.
The Viotta Symphony Orchestra which will perform in this concert is the most
advanced of the five orchestras and has approximately 55 members. René Gulikers is the conductor of this orchestra.

The mission of Viotta Youth Orchestras is to stimulate the personal and musical
development of young musicians by providing a safe, inspiring learning environment to enjoy music making in a symphony orchestra. The association was founded in 1989 and is named after the founder of the Residentieorkest, Henri Viotta, who was also a strong advocate of music education.

Sponsors
This project has been financially supported by the following sponsors:
• Landesmusikrat der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (lmr-hamburg.de)
• Goethe-Institut (goethe.de)
• Cultuurschakel (cultuurschakel.nl)

Ambassadors’ panel on the Alliance of the Pacific held at Leiden University

On the 28th of April, the day on which the Alliance of the Pacific celebrated the 11th anniversary of its creation, the seminar “Alliance of the Pacific: Integrating Latin America and Connecting to the World” was held at the Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs of Leiden University, Campus The Hague, in the Netherlands. The objective of this event was to highlight the achievements of this Latin American mechanism, both in terms of regional integration among its members and in terms of trade promotion and projection to the Asia-Pacific region.

The panel was composed by the Ambassadors to the Kingdom of the Netherlands of Chile, Hernán Salinas; Fernando Grillo; Colombia, Mexico, José Antonio Zabalgoitia; and Peru, Marisol Agüero Colunga; current members of the Alliance of the Pacific; accompanied by the Ambassador of Ecuador, Andrés Terán, as a candidate to Associated State; and the Ambassador of Singapore resident in Brussels, Hong Huai Lim, as the first Associated State.

With the aim of sharing a European perspective and possibilities for collaboration, the Netherlands being one of the 61 Observer States of the mechanism, the panel was also attended by the Director General of the Western Hemisphere Department of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Yvette van Eechoud.

This is the first time that an event of this nature has been held, bringing together not only Latin American ambassadors in The Hague, but also a diplomatic representative resident in Belgium and a high-ranking Dutch government official. This shows the scope and relevance of the Alliance of the Pacific in today’s international system, which was also evident during the panelists’ presentations on the Alliance’s achievements, particularly in terms of trade liberalisation and economic promotion, as well as its attractiveness and potential for linkages with other countries in Latin America, Asia and Europe.

The Alliance of the Pacific is an open, pragmatic, and innovative integration mechanism in Latin America. It was formally created on the 11th of April 2011, with the signing of the Lima Declaration, and its Framework Agreement entered into force on the 20th of July 2015. Comprising Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, it has a population of 231 million people and accounts for 41.7% of the GDP of the Latin American and Caribbean region, which would make it the ninth largest economy in the world.

These four countries attract 52.7% of foreign direct investment flows in Latin America and the Caribbean and account for 58.8% of the region’s total trade. With the entry into force of the Additional Protocol to the Framework Agreement on the 1st of May 2016, 92% of trade between its members was liberalised, with the aim of reaching 100% by 2030.

The free trade within the Alliance of the Pacific is 8th to the word economy, 230 millions of people and 56 millions fo tourists.

Among other important highlights we can mention FTA from 0 to 100 % in two years, the visa elimination for business and tourism, an academic mobility of +3,000 students, consular assistance, a shared diplomatic missions and a continuity strategic vision up to 2030

H.E. Ms. Marisol Agüero, Ambassador of the Republic of Peru..

The Ambassador of Peru, H.E. Ms Marisol Aguero Colunga declared: “The four countries of the Alliance together, add up to nearly twenty-one thousand kilometres of continental coastline and the hydrobiological products figures are::

  • Peru ranks 5th worldwide in marine capture fisheries,
  • Mexico: 17th in the same category
  • Chile: 7th in aquaculture; and
  • Colombia: 2nd among the megadiverse countries in terms of freshwater fish species

According to the Economic Commission for Latin America and The Caribbean the exports of fishery products from the Alliance represent a total of 7% of world exports. It is important to recall that since the Alliance was established, fishery and aquaculture products have been included within the axis of free circulation of goods.

As a consequence of the evolution that the Group has had over time, last January the countries of the Alliance decided that the group will have some specific functions related to

  1. aquaculture, conservation and sustainable use of hydrobiological resources
  2. adoption of circular economy practices
  3. research and
  4. human consumption of fishery and aquaculture products” concluded.

The main objectives of the Alliance of the Pacific are to build an area of deep integration to advance the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people; to promote greater economic growth, development and competitiveness within its members; and to become a platform for economic and commercial integration and projection to the world, with emphasis on the Asia-Pacific region.

In Memoriam: Antônio Cançado Trindade (1947-2022)

Par SE Philippe Couvreur

Ce 29 mai 2022 s’est éteint à Brasilia, où il avait longtemps enseigné, Antônio Cançado Trindade, un illustre intellectuel et juriste, un homme de convictions, défenseur infatigable des idéaux les plus nobles, un être d’une profonde bonté d’âme et d’une grande simplicité, un joyeux compagnon et un ami très cher.

Rien ne pouvait laisser pressentir que cet homme si robuste et dynamique, travailleur acharné, toujours engagé avec enthousiasme et bonne humeur dans de nouveaux projets,  passionné d’écriture, de livres et de musique (mais aussi, comme maints de ses compatriotes, de football) et doté d’un sens de l’humour de tous les instants, allait soudain connaître, au cours des deux dernières années, tant d’épreuves qui, à chaque fois surmontées avec un courage et une sérénité exemplaires, fort de l’appui de sa famille, avaient fini par laisser renaître tous les espoirs d’un rétablissement durable et d’une reprise prochaine de ses nombreuses activités, jusqu’à ce que la dernière eût raison de sa vie, ce triste jour de mai 2022…

Hélas, la souffrance humaine, si présente dans son oeuvre et qu’il avait tant à cœur de soulager, et, en définitive, la mort elle-même, sont indissociables de la vie…

Antônio Cançado avait vu le jour à Belo Horizonte (Brésil) en 1947. Après des études de droit à l’Université fédérale de Minas Gerais, il s’était spécialisé en droit international à l’Université de Cambridge, dont il sortit docteur en 1977 avec une thèse très remarquée sur la règle de l’épuisement des voies de recours internes, qui lui valut le prix Yorke. De retour dans son pays natal, il fut d’emblée nommé professeur titulaire de droit international public à l’Université de Brasilia (1978) et au prestigieux Institut diplomatique de Rio Branco (1979), charges qu’il conserva jusqu’à son élection à la Cour internationale de Justice en 2009.

Sa bienveillance naturelle et de son sens aigu de l’humanisme expliquent sans doute l’intérêt  particulier que le professeur Antônio Cançado Trindade nourrit presque instantanément  pour la protection internationale des droits de l’homme, à l’éveil duquel la préparation de sa thèse ne fut assurément pas étrangère. Il se convertit rapidement en l’une des plus éminentes autorités en la matière, et, pendant des décennies, fut appelé à partager son impressionnant savoir, solidement ancré dans l’histoire du droit des gens, et ses très vives aspirations à la « ré-humanisation » progressive de ce droit, dans les établissements d’enseignement et autres institutions académiques (Académie de droit international de la Haye, Institut international des droits de l’homme de Strasbourg, Institut inter-américain des droits de l’homme, etc.) les plus en vue du monde. Les honneurs divers qu’il y reçut ne se comptèrent bientôt plus.

En même temps, Antônio Cançado eut le privilège d’être confronté durant de longues années aux réalités exigeantes et aux servitudes multiples de la « politique juridique extérieure », exerçant des tâches aussi variées que celles de conseiller juridique du ministère des relations extérieures du Brésil, représentant du Brésil à maintes conférences internationales, expert et conseiller de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, de plusieurs de ses agences et Institutions spécialisées, ainsi que de l’Organisation des Etats américains.

C’est donc fort d’un savoir et d’une expérience aussi solides que complémentaires qu’il trouva assez naturellement le chemin de la Cour interaméricaine des droits de l’homme, dont il fut successivement Juge ad hoc (1990-1994), Juge titulaire (élu en 1995 et réélu en 2000), Vice-Président (élu en 1997) et enfin Président (élu en 1999 et réélu en 2002). On sait combien cette institution, d’une importance capitale sur le continent américain, le marqua…aussi profondément qu’il allait à son tour la marquer.

Les quelque quinze années passées au service de la Cour interaméricaine, où il se forma au difficile métier de magistrat international, lui offrirent l’occasion d’œuvrer sans relâche, depuis une position unique, à la promotion du respect des droits de l’homme par l’application du droit. Il l’a constamment fait avec une totale liberté d’esprit, fidèle à ses idéaux et en plein accord avec sa conscience d’homme et de juge, privilégiant invariablement la générosité des objectifs assignés à la règle juridique par rapport à ses rigidités formelles, une règle qu’il s’est toujours évertué à humaniser, en l’interprétant de façon ouverte, dynamique et évolutive,  pour lui conférer un maximum de ce qu’il estimait être son effet utile.

Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade, Juge à la Cour internationale de Justice et Président de son Comité de la Bibliothèque.

Élu membre de la Cour internationale de Justice en 2009, et réélu en 2018, Antônio Cançado Trindade s’y est inscrit dans la lignée des illustres juristes brésiliens qui l’y avaient précédé (Azevedo, Carneiro, Sette-Camara et Rezek); de tous, il fut celui qui siégea le plus longtemps à la Cour. Il lui insuffla un esprit nouveau. La Cour bénéficia à la fois de son savoir encyclopédique, qui n’avait d’égal que sa jovialité et sa modestie, et de sa vision éminemment progressiste du droit international, qui ne s’en nourrissait pas moins aux sources mêmes de celui-ci, les enseignements de ses pères fondateurs. Elle s’enrichit aussi de son expérience judiciaire antérieure. Antônio Cançado devait toutefois désormais exercer ses fonctions de juge dans un cadre assez différent. La Cour internationale de Justice, ouverte aux seuls Etats au contentieux, ne constituait  en effet pas une cour des droits de l’homme, même si, avec l’extension progressive du champ d’application matériel du droit international, elle avait été amenée à en traiter des aspects chaque fois plus variés. La présence exclusive des Etats devant la Cour, et leur rôle encore fréquemment prépondérant dans les relations juridiques internationales, furent pour lui l’objet de préoccupations et de frustrations constantes.

Que les droits des individus fussent directement ou plus médiatement en cause dans les affaires qu’il eut à traiter, le Juge Antonio Cançado, faisant preuve d’une vigilance sans faille, n’a jamais manqué l’occasion de remettre les intérêts de la personne humaine – qu’il regardait comme sujet plénier et permanent du droit international –  au centre du débat, les faisant primer sur ceux des Etats, conformément aux exigences de ce qu’il dénommait le « nouveau jus gentium » et au « principe d’humanité ». Ce dernier devait selon lui trouver application bien au-delà des limites formelles du droit humanitaire et fonder les règles les plus essentielles de l’ordre juridique international, telles celles de l’interdiction du génocide et de la torture ou du droit à l’autodétermination des peuples, toutes règles qu’il considérait relever du jus cogens en vertu d’une opinio juris communis, émanation de la conscience universelle.

Dans les très nombreuses opinions qu’il signa, il n’eut de cesse de militer en faveur d’une « justice objective », propre au droit naturel, et de s’insurger contre les « effets pervers » du volontarisme étatique et du formalisme juridique, qu’il regardait comme des phénomènes, non seulement obsolètes et toxiques, mais aussi gravement immoraux, dès lors qu’ils étaient susceptibles de porter atteinte aux droits des personnes (« La Cour ne peut rester indifférente …au sort des êtres humains, ainsi qu’à leurs souffrances…il demeure nécessaire (pour elle) d’atténuer (ces) souffrances…, en faisant en sorte (avant tout) que justice soit faite »). Au « jus voluntarium » sécrété par les Etats devait, pour Antônio Cançado, se substituer le « jus necesarium » dérivé des valeurs objectives de l’humanité toute entière. Maintes fois, le positivisme juridique, participant à son sens d’une « vision myopique du droit », a constitué la cible de ses attaques; il n’y voyait rien de moins qu’un facteur de « fossilisation du droit international », responsable de son maintien dans un état de « sous-développement ».

Ainsi n’a-t-il pas hésité à soutenir que le consentement des Etats à la juridiction de la Cour devait être interprété de manière à donner aux clauses compromissoires insérées dans les conventions de protection des droits de l’homme un effet utile maximal conforme à la nature et à l’objet de celles-ci (« La Cour ne peut demeurer l’otage du consentement des Etats »; « la conscience l’emporte sur la volonté ») ou que le droit d’accès des individus à la justice et leur droit à un procès équitable (droits fondamentaux relevant d’un  jus cogens qu’il regrettait parfois être en voie de « déconstruction ») devaient primer sur les immunités des Etats (non destinées à leur assurer l’impunité) lorsque des violations graves du droit international étaient en cause (« Il est inadmissible…que des Etats prétendent s’accorder pour suspendre des droits naturels de la personne humaine »). Dans le même esprit, le Juge Cançado s’en est pris à certaines « fictions juridiques », aujourd’hui si communes, telles celle de la protection diplomatique (« fiction vattelienne »), insistant sur ce que toute reparatio dans ce cadre devait être « déterminée du point de vue des victimes », dès lors que « les êtres humains – et non les Etats – (devaient) bénéficier des réparations des violations des droits de l’homme commises à leur détriment ». D’une manière plus générale, l’éminent Juge a par ailleurs fréquemment mis en relief l’importance de la renaissance d’une « justice réparatrice » des souffrances de l’humanité, qu’il appelait de tous ses vœux.

En dépit de son activité judiciaire intense, Antônio Cançado a réussi à poursuivre, à un rythme soutenu, les activités académiques et de recherche qu’il affectionnait tant, apportant une contribution substantielle aux travaux des nombreuses institutions de prestige dont il était membre (telles l’Institut de Droit international ou l’Academia brasileira de Letras juridicas) et ne renonçant jamais à écrire, au point que l’on peut affirmer sans hésitation qu’il est l’un des auteurs les plus prolifiques de sa génération (près de 80 ouvrages et 800 articles ou autres publications).

Tout départ d’un être cher laisse un vide cruel auprès de ses proches et de ses amis. Celui d’Antônio Cançado Trindade laissera assurément aussi un vide énorme au sein de la communauté universelle des juristes. On doit à l’illustre défunt, parmi tant d’autres œuvres,  un petit opuscule publié en 2013 à Valence et intitulé « Conversación con Antonio Augusto Cançado Trindade. Reflexiones sobre la Justicia Internacional », qui contient ces très belles paroles:

    « La verdad es que hay una relación  íntima de los vivos con sus muertos, que los         “posmodernos”, en su pobreza de espíritu, han dejado de cultivar, sometidos como están a la  tiranía del “aquí ” y del “ahora”. En cambio, las culturas más antiguas de América latina enseñan que nuestros muertos siguen vivos dentro de nosotros, y solo mueren definitivamente el día en que nos olvidamos de ellos ».

S’il est vrai que la véritable mort est l’oubli, l’ami Antônio vivra, car il demeurera longtemps encore présent dans nos mémoires.

                                                                                                     

The papyrus roll of Qenna: magical spells for the afterlife

Exhibition about an Egyptian ‘Book of the Dead’ and a large-scale conservation project

A 17-metre-long, 3000-year-old Egyptian papyrus roll full of magic spells, gods and symbols: this is the ‘Book of the Dead’ of Qenna, a merchant from ancient Egypt. It is the longest papyrus in the collection of the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden (the Dutch National Museum of Antiquities) in Leiden.

The museum has worked on its conservation for the past three years. Now, for the first time since its purchase in 1835, the colourful manuscript can be seen as a single continuous whole, in the exhibition ‘The papyrus roll of Qenna. Magical spells for the afterlife.’ Animations and projections bring the colourful images and magical spells to life.

The exhibition also covers themes such as the tomb of Qenna and how a papyrus was made. Special attention is paid to the conservation project and the results of the materiality research that preceded it. The exhibition, which is suitable for young and old, will run from 22 June to 4 September 2022.

Tickets can be purchased from www.rmo.nl (advance reservation is not obligatory).

Caspar Reuvens, the first director of the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, bought the 17-metre-long Book of the Dead at auction in London in 1835.

Soon afterwards, the papyrus was cut into 38 manageable sheets – a common practice in those days. Only some of those sheets have ever been on display. The summer exhibition offers a unique opportunity to see this special Book of the Dead in its entirety.

Magical spells for the afterlife

The ‘Book of the Dead’ was found in the western hills of Luxor. The papyrus lay folded over the mummified body of an Egyptian merchant called Qenna, who had lived around 1300-1275 BC.

Like everyone in ancient Egypt, Qenna hoped that after death he would live an immortal life with the gods in the hereafter. For that reason, his body was mummified and a papyrus roll containing 40 magical spells was placed in his tomb. The spells were meant to help him endure trials in the underworld, protect him against monsters, and transform him into a powerful immortal being.

The exhibition follows Qenna in this metamorphosis, and introduces visitors to the stories, spells, gods and symbols. Their meaning is explained from right to left, the direction in which the papyrus should be read: from the veneration of the gods and the Lake of Fire, to the divine tribunal and the weighing of Qenna’s heart. To prove he had lived a good life, his heart could not be heavier than an ostrich feather. A magical spell invokes the god Thot to come to Qenna’s aid.

The text of the papyrus begins with the daily cycle of the sun in the form of the sun god Re, who is re-born every morning on the horizon. Each night, the sun unites with the god Osiris in the realm of the dead –like Qenna himself hopes to do. Thanks to the papyrus, Qenna knows the names of all the monstrous overseers and gatekeepers he will encounter. Qenna will only be allowed to pass safely if he utters the right names. There are also spells to defeat dangerous creatures, such as the four crocodiles who threaten to take away his magical powers, and the snake Apep, the deadliest enemy of the sun god Re. At the end of the papyrus, Qenna is able to begin his eternal life in the hereafter. The Book of the Dead concludes with his tomb in the western mountains, where the arms of the goddess Hathor push the sun over the horizon each morning, symbolising a new beginning.

Still from animation – papyrus Qenna

Conservation and research

Although the papyrus sheets were repaired several times in the past 200 years, the glue and layers of paper from older restorations were themselves causing damage. During a large-scale conservation project (2018-2022), as much as possible of the older repair material was removed. New additions were kept to a minimum, so that as much of the original papyrus as possible could be displayed. All of the small, loose bits of papyrus and pigment were re-attached, and each sheet was finally mounted between two new plates of glass. This will protect the sheets properly and they can be viewed from both sides.

All of the sheets were examined in detail by a team of conservators, curators, scientists and photographers. This was necessary to establish the condition of the papyrus and all of the old restorations, and to find out more about how the Book of the Dead was made. Techniques such as microscopic research and photography with ultraviolet and infrared light were used to analyse the various papyrus layers, ink, pigments and old repairs.                       

The research and the conservation of the papyrus were made possible by a financial contribution from the Rembrandt Association and the association’s Van der Klaauw Fund. The Rijksmuseum van Oudheden is supported by the Vriendenloterij.

‘The papyrus roll of Qenna. Magical spells for the afterlife’, 22 June–4 September 2022

Inter-American Institute on Justice and Sustainability – New Perspectives

The Inter-American Institute on Justice and Sustainability (IIJS) to Present New Perspectives in Building Bridges Between the Public and Private Sector in Order to Achieve Sustainable Development.

The Inter-American Institute on Justice and Sustainability, located in Washington, D.C, will present today new perspectives to contribute to sustainable development in cooperation with some of the principal stakeholders, from the public as well as private sectores, who will assume a central role in accelerating the transition to a green economy.
The presentation of these innovative proposals with hemispheric collaboration will take place on May 26th, 2022 in the capital of the United States of America, within the framework of the official in-person launch of IIJS.

We must remember that IIJS, an organization led by women with a unique differentiated gender perspective, arose just before the pandemic as an “Institutional Startup,” a new model of social entrepreneurship, that is, in essence, private but with a public interest socioenvironmental mission. IIJS is a hemispheric platform with a global reach, with specific experience in countries. As its slogan states, the focus of this international Startup is grounded in bridging justice, sustainability, and prosperity.

This proposal highlights the development of cutting-edge solutions for nonconventional challenges that are not only related to sustainability and justice, but offers transversality across all sectors, supported by experience, and focused on the innovation and knowledge of different political socioeconomic contexts in the hemisphere.

In times of fast paced emerging and evolving challenges in environment, climate, health, economic and social wellbeing, its mission to strengthen the rule of law and good governance is all the more important.

The IIJS provides expertise, strategic technical policy assistance, and facilitates capacity building programs.

IIJS

The IIJS brings together key justice system stakeholders, country institutions, multilateral and regional financial development institutions, and the private sector as partners and allies to promote efforts for justice and sustainability in the Americas.

The IIJS is pledging to support multi-stakeholders’ efforts and roles on environmental and climate justice, as well as on the sustainability of business, development, trade, and investment practices which are critical for human rights, as well as environmental and social compliance in the Americas.

On this formal launching — postpandemic, that is– after two years of arduous work, the Executive Director of IIJS, Claudia S. de Windt, highlights that “IIJS is born out of the necessity for concertation and innovative approaches to end the fragmentation through certainty and sustainability to confront the scenarios of today and of the future.”

Alongside the Executive Director de Windt, two founding partners of the Inter-American Institute on Justice and Sustainability will participate, Sheila Abed and María Amparo Albán, experts in environmental law, who will lay out the challenges in an agenda of integration in pursuit of environmental justice.

Additional attendees will include Gustavo Alanís-Ortega, founder and Executive Director of the Centro Mexicano de Derecho Ambiental (Mexican Environmental Law Center—CEMDA), member of the Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide (ELAW) and the Climate Change Advisory Committee in Mexico, Francisco Naranjo, Director of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil- RSPO and the Vice President of Technology and Innovation of Sherritt International, Nathan Stubina, along with other international stakeholders.
Highlighted Ex-Officio members include Scott Fulton, President of the Environmental Law Institute and Ricardo Lorenzetti, ex-president and current minister of the Supreme Court of Justice of Argentina.

For more information www.ii-js.org