La Société de Wittes à La Haye a récemment accueilli un événement culturel d’une importance remarquable, une conférence magistrale tenue par le Dr Frank Diafouka. Placée sous le signe de la Francophonie, cette conférence a célébré la Journée Mondiale de la Poésie, proclamée par l’UNESCO en 1999, ainsi que les 54 ans d’existence de la Francophonie.
Le thème de cette conférence, intitulé “Comparaison littéraire de deux poètes francophones, René Char (1907 – 1988) et Alain Mabanckou (1966 – )”, a suscité un vif intérêt parmi les membres et les invités prestigieux de la Table Française de la Société de Wittes. Dr Diafouka a brillamment démarré son exposé en revenant sur les fondements de la Francophonie, évoquant ses Pères Fondateurs et l’histoire de cette organisation rassemblant 54 États et gouvernements membres. Il a rappelé à son auditoire l’importance de la langue française, parlée par 321 millions de personnes à travers le monde, avec une prédominance en Afrique.
Dans son allocution d’ouverture, Monsieur Richard Scheurs, Président de l’Alliance Française, a souligné l’importance de célébrer la Francophonie et la langue française. Puis, Patrick Driebeek, Président de la Table Française de la Société de Wittes, a introduit le Dr Frank Diafouka et le thème de sa conférence, qui s’est avérée être une véritable révélation.
Dr Diafouka a captivé l’auditoire par sa présentation brillante et éloquente. La comparaison entre les poètes René Char et Alain Mabanckou s’est révélée être d’une profondeur fascinante, même pour ceux qui ne les connaissaient pas auparavant. Avec une passion évidente pour la poésie et une connaissance approfondie de son sujet, Dr Diafouka a tissé des liens entre les deux poètes, malgré les différences marquantes de leurs époques et de leurs origines.
H.E. Mr. Olivier Nduhungirehe, Ambassadeur du Ruanda et H.E. Mr. Mifougo Youssouf Diarrassouba, Ambassadeur de la Côte d’Ivoire.
L’une des dimensions explorées par Dr Diafouka était l’expression controversée de “Françafrique”, une relation complexe entre la France et ses anciennes colonies en Afrique subsaharienne. Cette analyse a fourni un contexte essentiel pour comprendre les œuvres des deux poètes dans leurs contextes historiques et culturels respectifs.
René Char, dont la poésie est décrite par Dr Diafouka comme “La parole en archipel”, se distingue par son style elliptique et concis. Ses vers, pulvérisés et axiomatiques, révèlent une poésie de l’oracle, chargée d’une énergie animale et d’une force fulgurante. En revanche, Alain Mabanckou, avec sa poésie sans ponctuation, évoque une nostalgie perpétuelle et une errance à travers les paysages de son Congo natal et de sa patrie d’adoption, la France.
Malgré leurs différences stylistiques, René Char et Alain Mabanckou partagent des thèmes communs, tels que le poids de la famille, la perte des êtres chers et l’engagement envers leur langue et leur culture. Leur poésie résonne avec une indépendance intellectuelle et un amour profond pour leur terre natale.
La conférence du Dr Frank Diafouka a ainsi offert une plongée fascinante dans l’univers poétique de deux géants de la Francophonie. À travers cette exploration, les membres et les invités de la Table Française de la Société de Wittes ont été amenés à apprécier la richesse et la diversité de la poésie francophone, célébrant ainsi la langue française et les liens qui unissent les peuples à travers le monde.
During a courtesy visit from Diplomat Magazine to H.E. Mr. Riaz Hamidullah, the Ambassador of Bangladesh, the conversation evolved into a sincere analysis of his personal perspectives on Dutch society and the relationship between the Netherlands and Bangladesh.
“I arrived in the Netherlands in 2020 amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and presented my credentials on July 15, 2020,” Ambassador Hamidullah began. “Initially, the challenge was connecting with people, and frankly, navigating this society, so different from others I’ve served in before. It was quite difficult because there wasn’t a straightforward way to reach out to people. Even when I did manage to get in touch with someone, they would immediately ask, ‘What’s your agenda this time?’ or ‘What brings you to me?’ It was a bit of a culture shock for me.”
“One of the key pieces of advice I received early on was from H.E. Ambassador Karin Mössenlechner of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. She suggested that I immerse myself in Dutch society. At the time, I didn’t fully grasp the significance of her advice, but now I understand the importance of it. Understanding that Dutch people often look to the future rather than dwelling on the present also helped me adjust my approach.”
“There’s no rulebook for engaging with the Dutch. It’s about finding common ground and aligning your interests with theirs. I quickly realized that the Dutch media often portrayed Bangladesh in a dated light, so I took to platforms like LinkedIn to share more contemporary perspectives and spark conversations.”
“Building friendships and fostering trust are at the core of my role as an ambassador. While promoting trade and investment is important, establishing genuine connections is paramount. I’ve learned that the Dutch are drawn to excitement and innovation, particularly in areas like art and culture. By organizing events like the Bangladesh Mango Festival, poetry & songs concerts, Food Bangladesh Festival, saris exhibitions, which showcased our cultural richness, I was able to engage with a wide range of Dutch individuals and institutions.”
“The Netherlands and Bangladesh may be vastly different in size and population, but our shared spirit of openness and experimentation has brought us closer together. As Bangladesh transitions from a recipient of development aid to a middle-income country, our focus is shifting towards fostering business partnerships and economic cooperation. The Dutch approach to development has also evolved, emphasizing a combination of economic and social objectives.”
“Last year marked a significant milestone as we welcomed not just one, but two trade missions from the Netherlands to Bangladesh. And now, we anticipate the show The Best of Bangladesh 2nd edition and the arrival of a seed mission from Bangladesh to the Netherlands. This exchange isn’t solely about bringing Dutch companies to Bangladesh; it’s also about showcasing our own companies and exposing them to opportunities abroad. This dynamic reflects the beauty of mutual collaboration.”
Bangladesh is renowned for its vast vegetable and fruit production, making it a natural partner for the Netherlands, which controls 45% of the global seed industry. “While traditionally, the delta plan was seen as infrastructure-focused, we’re redefining it to encompass both economy and ecology. It’s about knowledge exchange, practical solutions, and continuous learning. The Dutch have a unique approach, utilizing a grid folder model that emphasizes consultation and mutual learning among all stakeholders.”
Roy Lie Atjam, Diplomat Magazine’s Editor, Ambassador Hamidullah and Dr. Mayelinne De Lara, Diplomat Magazine’s Publisher during the interview.
Bangladesh, being an active delta, serves as a living lab for the Dutch to test solutions for water management and agriculture. They observe first-hand how environmental factors like salinity and heat affect seed viability and soil behaviour. This collaborative process fosters a long-lasting interest in Bangladesh, benefiting both nations.
“Our relationship goes beyond trade figures. While our trade volume stands at around $2 billion, predominantly in vegetables, moreover, this evolving partnership extends beyond mere trade missions and economic transactions. The seed mission from Bangladesh to the Netherlands exemplifies this shared commitment to mutual growth. As Bangladesh reimagines its delta plan to integrate economy and ecology, we’re not just adapting to change; we’re shaping it together.”
In this journey, both countries stand to gain immensely. Bangladesh offers fertile land, abundant resources, and a vibrant market, while the Netherlands brings technological prowess, efficient distribution networks, and a wealth of experience. “Together, we form a formidable partnership, driving progress and prosperity for our people and beyond.”
Defense cooperation is becoming increasingly important, given the geopolitical dynamics in our region. While Bangladesh may not currently be a conflict area, there are elements that suggest potential tensions, especially with the interests of China, India, and the US in the region. With Myanmar nearby, there’s strategic importance as well, as China seeks to establish a foothold in warm waters, bypassing the Malacca Strait and gaining direct access to Southeast Asia.
However, this geopolitical complexity also presents opportunities. As Bangladesh aims to become one of the top 30 economies by 2035, with rapid urbanization and manufacturing growth, the demand for technology and innovation will soar. Climate change poses additional challenges, requiring sustainable solutions and efficient resource management.
This is where partnerships with countries like the Netherlands become crucial. The Dutch, renowned for their expertise in innovation and sustainability, can offer invaluable solutions to address our evolving needs. Furthermore, with Bangladesh increasingly connected to India and Southeast Asia, our role as an economic hub is gaining prominence.
In terms of water management, there’s a misconception that Bangladesh is water-rich. While we do have abundant water resources, seasonal variations and water stress in certain regions highlight the need for efficient water use. As urbanization and industrialization expand, the demand for water grows, necessitating advanced technologies and sustainable practices.
Our dialogue with the Dutch extends beyond governmental interactions to include private sector engagement. Collaborating with companies and organizations like the Netherlands Water Partnership, we’re exploring innovative solutions for water efficiency and circular water management. This shift towards private sector-driven solutions reflects the evolving nature of our partnership and the pressing need for practical, market-oriented approaches.
While our efforts encompass promoting trade, it’s equally about showcasing Bangladesh as a nation rich in culture, heritage, and authenticity. European audiences appreciate originality, and that’s precisely what we aim to deliver. Instead of presenting a glossy, superficial image of Dhaka city, we opted for a more nuanced portrayal, capturing the essence of our country in its raw beauty.
One such endeavor is our upcoming event, the Best of Bangladesh which promises to be a one-of-a-kind showcase of Bangladesh’s fashion, culture, cuisine, and craftsmanship. Organizing such an event requires meticulous coordination and adherence to regulations, but the end result is worth the effort.
In essence, our relationship with the Netherlands is evolving, reflecting broader shifts in global development paradigms. By embracing innovation, sustainability and building on our shared values, I’m confident that we are building a brighter tomorrow for generations to come.
Diplomat Magazine recently had the privilege of meeting with H.E. Ambassador Viktor Biyagov for a productive and enlightening conversation about Armenia and the Netherlands.
How would you describe the current state of diplomatic relations between Armenia and the Netherlands? Any recent developments highlighting collaboration?
On January 30, 1992, Armenia and the Netherlands formalised their long-standing connections by establishing diplomatic relations. However, defining the Armenian-Dutch relations solely from the establishment of diplomatic ties would be a major understatement. As early as in the 4th century, an Armenian, Saint Servatius of Maastricht, became the first bishop of the Netherlands, bridging the historical, spiritual and cultural traditions between the two nations.
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the vibrant port of Amsterdam played a crucial role as a significant hub for Armenian merchants engaging in the trade of textiles, gems, and diamonds. This activity transformed the city into a major centre of Armenian commercial and cultural life.
The same period of history also witnessed one of the most memorable milestones of Armenian typography. In 1660 a printing house was established in Amsterdam, where in 1664 the first Armenian publication of the Holy Bible was carried out.
The 32 years of diplomatic ties between the Netherlands and Armenia have witnessed notable achievements. Among them the establishment of the embassies in both countries, which has significantly contributed to expanding cooperation in various spheres such as education, agriculture, water management, technology etc.
Armenia and the Netherlands share multifaceted relations encompassing trade, investment, and cultural exchange that has evolved into a strong political dialogue based on universal values of democracy, protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms.
It is with deep appreciation that Armenia acknowledges the invaluable support of the Netherlands during these historically challenging times for Armenia. The recent contribution of the Netherlands to the Global Concessional Funding Facility for Armenia was welcomed with much gratitude.
H.E. Viktor Biyagov, Ambassador of Armenia.
What opportunities and challenges exist in enhancing commercial ties between Armenia and the Netherlands? Any specific sectors for collaboration?
The main perspectives of economic development between Armenia and the Netherlands are seen in the fields of agriculture, water management, IT sector and tourism.
Armenia stands out for its agrobiodiversity, with a conducive climate for robust agriculture, particularly in areas like modern greenhouses, wine production, and organic agriculture. Meanwhile, the Netherlands, being the world’s second-largest agricultural exporter, focuses on importing a limited amount of processed goods from Armenia. The growth potential for Armenia lies in exporting, where Dutch technology and companies aim to play a role in supporting Armenian businesses to become global net-exporters.
Armenia is emerging as a regional hub for technology and innovation, propelled by its competitive workforce, the sector’s contribution to GDP, and a growing number of companies with increasing turnovers. Notably, Armenia has firmly established its position on the global IT map, emphasising its dedication to the continued development of this highly promising economic sector.
Tourism stands as a key driver of the Armenian economy, marked as a priority by the Armenian government. The sector’s continuous growth aligns with ongoing government support and increasing interest in Armenia.
Speaking of tourism, I cannot help but state that Armenia is an impressive combination of old and new, of peaceful countryside and vibrant city life, of historical monuments and modern attractions.
Armenia boasts more than 700 tourist attractions, among them UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Monasteries of Haghpat and Sanahin, The Cathedral of Ejmiatsin, the Archaeological Site of Zvartnots as well as the Monastery of Geghard and the Upper Azat Valley.
Our country has gained a new wave of attraction over the past couple of years also due to the series of festivals that take place in different cities of Armenia. Annual festival “Yerevan Wine Days” has already become the favourite event not only for locals, but for thousands of tourists as well. This is definitely a must try experience in Armenia, which is a unique way to get to know the Armenian culture, rich history and everyday life, all through wine.
Speaking of wine, not everyone probably knows that the history of winemaking in Armenia dates back to more than 6100 years ago, when the first production of wine began in a cave near Areni village, in Vayots Dzor province of Armenia, which after thousands of years remains the main wine producing region in Armenia. Recent excavations and scientific research uncovered that the cave of Areni was an ancient ritual site where wine production played an integral part. Laboratory research conducted by scientists of Oxford and California universities verify that in the face of Areni cave complex we deal with the world’s oldest and most complete wine production facility, with its wine press, large karases for fermentation and storage, as well as jars of around 6000 years.
And today, millennia later from the very first try, wine production is amongst the biggest booming industries in Armenia.
As it has been announced, the Armenian government has embarked on an ambitious agenda of diversification of the country’s economy, by identifying and actively engaging in new export opportunities with different countries including from the European Union.
How does the embassy promote Armenian culture in the Netherlands and foster cultural exchange?
First of all, I would like to note that as different as our cultures seem from the first sight, the Armenian and Dutch people are united by the universal human values they share. This brings the societies closer and the cultural bonds develop around the keenness of learning more about each other’s culture.
The cultural bonds between Armenia and the Netherlands have deepened, as both countries actively encourage cultural exchanges, cultivating a more profound understanding and admiration for each other’s heritage. This commitment is evident in a variety of events, exhibitions, and academic programs, fostering enduring connections between the people of Armenia and the Netherlands.
Our embassy is involved in various activities, including cultural events, exhibitions, educational programs, all aimed at enriching understanding and promoting tolerance.
The embassy is also actively using its social media platforms to promote Armenian culture, make it more visible and attractive for our Dutch friends.
I am also very happy to share with our readers that by a decision adopted during the 42nd session of the UNESCO General Conference, the 100th anniversaries of Charles Aznavour and Sergei Parajanov were included in the UNESCO Calendar of anniversaries of eminent personalities and important events for the 2024-2025 cycle.
I am confident that our Dutch friends will have opportunities to enjoy the legacy of these renowned Armenian artists in the Netherlands as well.
Can you share insights into current trade dynamics between Armenia and the Netherlands? Efforts to encourage investment?
It is of utmost importance to note that the Armenian government is unwavering in its commitment to create an investment-friendly atmosphere, increasing the transparency of the regulatory framework and ensuring that business owners feel secure and protected in our country.
The efforts of the Armenian government are further enhanced by the expertise and knowledge of our international partners, which bring forth new ideas and opportunities.
Armenia follows an “open door” investment policy, which successfully ranks the country as one of the most open investment regimes among emerging market countries.
The extensive opportunities offered to investors include: 100% property ownership, the ability for Armenian-registered companies to acquire land, unrestricted currency exchange at market rates, duty-free import of personal items for foreign employees, and more.
A milestone was reached recently in Brussels, on 5 April, 2024, where the EU and USA jointly committed to a new package of grants aimed at strengthening the resilience of the Armenian economy and society. It will be targeted to supporting local businesses, talents, small and medium enterprises, making them more accessible to new markets.
The plan envisages new investment opportunities in key infrastructure projects, including the Black Sea electricity cable, cross-border transport and much more.
It is noteworthy that the “Crossroads of Peace”, an ambitious project introduced by the Government of Armenia, was also welcomed during the aforementioned meeting. With this project the Government of the Republic of Armenia reaffirms its commitment to contribute to regional peace and stability. The key essence of the project is the development of communications between the countries of the region, enabling connectivity between the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Gulfs, playing an instrumental role in connecting North to South and West to East.
It is our strong belief that only a secure and stable environment can pave the way for foreign investments and ensure a robust economy.
Coming to the commercial links between Armenia and the Netherlands, it should be noted that the Netherlands is one of the leading trade partners of Armenia among the countries of the European Union. Over the years, various Dutch entities, notably the senior advisors’ organisation PUM, have played a significant role, resulting in the growing interest of numerous Dutch companies in the Armenian economy. Thanks to PUM, hundreds of professionals, small and medium-sized enterprises in Armenia were offered high-quality consulting, advanced technologies and best practices.
Trade links between Armenia and the Netherlands involve a diverse array of goods and services. The Netherlands, as a key hub for international trade, has played a vital role in facilitating Armenia’s entry into European markets. The exchange includes machinery, chemicals, agricultural products, and high-tech goods.
The technology sector has been a key focus of collaboration. Dutch businesses seeking technological solutions have found reliable partners in Armenian IT companies, known for innovation and a skilled workforce.
Given the championing role that the Netherlands plays in the field of water management, this sector also bears a huge potential of future cooperation between our countries.
The trade and investment relations between Armenia and the Netherlands exemplifies the potential for collaboration between nations with distinct histories and economic structures. This partnership has not only driven economic growth but also facilitated the exchange of knowledge, technology, and cultural experiences. As both countries navigate through global challenges, continued cooperation in trade and investment will play a crucial role in fostering mutual prosperity and sustainable development.
What areas of collaboration are being explored to strengthen the relationship? Any upcoming events or initiatives for both countries?
There are several initiatives on the way to be shared with the interested public. But I would like to draw the attention of Dutch art lovers on the 100th anniversaries of Charles Aznavour and Sergei Parajanov. We are hopeful that through upcoming initiatives the legacy of these artists will resonate in the Netherlands again.
Diplomat Magazine’sInterview with the Ambassador of the Republic of AzerbaijanH.E. Mr. Rahman Mustafayev
How significant is the issue of landmine contamination in Azerbaijan?
Azerbaijan faces a significant challenge due to landmine and explosive remnants of war (ERW) contamination as a result of nearly three decades of military occupation of our territories. Let’s start with the sad fact that Azerbaijan is among the most heavily mine-contaminated countries globally, with an estimated 1.5 million landmines and ERW contaminating around 12% of the country’s territory. Over the last 30 years, the cumulative human toll of landmine victims in Azerbaijan has reached 3427; from the end of Second Karabakh war in November 2020 until May 2024, 203 landmine explosion incidents occurred, resulting in more than 350 victims, including 70 fatalities, underscoring the urgent need for mine clearance and victim assistance.
How effective has Azerbaijan’s national demining campaign been, and what are its primary objectives?
Although the end of Second Karabakh war marked the beginning of an extensive humanitarian demining activity, and this action is progressing, we are still at the beginning of the process and more international assistance is needed. Since the end of war in 2020, the total cleared area constitutes only 11.5% of the total estimated contaminated area, and the number of deactivated landmines is 49802 mines, what amount to about only 3.3% of the estimated 1.5 million landmines. One of the reasons is that since the start of large-scale humanitarian demining at the end of 2020, foreign assistance has accounted for only 5% of the resources used for this purpose. So, more active foreign assistance is needed for accelerating demining operations and safe return of 800,000 IDPs to their homes.
What complicates the situation is the fact that the mines were deployed by Armenian military in a manner, devoid of any military necessity and without appropriate markings required under international law. More of it, we cannot receive accurate maps of landmines planted on Azerbaijani territory, the fact that further complicates demining operations and endangers human lives, and we are raising this issue both on bilateral level and in our arguments before the International Court of Justice. As for the objectives, they are obvious: we have to restore safety in the liberated territories of Karabakh, facilitate the reconstruction of these areas and the development of infrastructure, secure safe return of almost 800.000 Azerbaijani IDPs, and last, but not least, to strengthen international cooperation for collective response.
Over the past two decades, Azerbaijan has built a robust institutional framework for demining. Who are the key stakeholders driving this process?
Azerbaijani National Agency for Mine Action – ANAMA – stands as the primary entity responsible for humanitarian demining initiatives within the country. Established in 1998, it started demining operations in 2000. Following the liberation of occupied territories in late 2020, ANAMA underwent a strategic restructuring in February 2021, aimed at enhancing its capacity to plan, coordinate, and supervise humanitarian demining efforts nationwide.
This restructuring has facilitated the involvement of national stakeholders, such as ministries of defense, emergency, State Border Service, local and international NGOs in mine action activities across Azerbaijan. Our general national demining capacity today comprises of 2282 members of operational stuff (1590 for ANAMA), 70 mine-clearance machines and 150 mine-detection dogs.
Found anti tank and anti personnel mines during clearance operations in Azerbaijan, September 2022.
What are the main priorities for clearance operations this year?
Given the vast extent of the problem and the constrained resources for mine action, the Azerbaijani government prioritizes the demining of critical areas such as access roads, essential infrastructure, and residential zones to facilitate the return of IDPs. Another critical issue is Mine Risk Education program. The Government of Azerbaijan implements this program to minimize the dangers posed by mines and unexploded ordnance. These efforts focus on enhancing awareness and fostering behavioral changes through public information campaigns, education, training, and community engagement. The primary goal of MRE is to ensure that communities understand the risks associated with these hazards and adopt safer practices to protect individuals, property, and the environment. In total, these initiatives have engaged over 200 local organizations and 452,321 individuals. Mine awareness groups have been established in 80 villages near mine-contaminated areas.
Thank you for raising this issue. Victim assistance is utmost priority in national demining process. The Government provides assistance for the care and rehabilitation, and social and economic reintegration of mine victims and for mine awareness programs. Assistance includes emergency and continuing medical care; physical rehabilitation; psychosocial support and social inclusion; care and protection for all disabled citizens. Based on the agreement signed between ANAMA and National Football Association the team of amputees from Azerbaijan participated in the League of Nations held in Scotland organized by the European Amputee Football Federation. Competing against the teams from the Netherlands, Scotland, Albania and Kosovo in the “D” division, the team was the 2nd and qualified for the final stage of the EuroChampionship to be held in France in 2024.
You mentioned that the level of foreign assistance is insufficient…
Azerbaijan faces an immense landmine contamination and needs substantial foreign assistance in humanitarian demining in forms of direct assistance and collaborative actions. Given our capacity and challenges, the most critical form of assistance needed at this juncture is direct financial donations. Such contributions are essential to amplify the humanitarian mine action efforts and augment the operational scope of ANAMA and other operators. As I mentioned earlier, since 2020, foreign assistance has accounted for merely 5% of the resources dedicated to humanitarian demining. This is notably low, both in light of the gravity of demining challenges Azerbaijan confronts and when compared to the level of contributions typically made by the international donor community to similar issues. Azerbaijan counts on adequate support by the international community to its demining efforts as a matter of humane solidarity.
You highlighted the significance of international cooperation in demining efforts. Could you elaborate on who your partners are in this field?
As I underlined earlier, international cooperation is one of the main objectives of our demining action. For example, in partnership with the ICRC, ANAMA benefits from specialized training provided to its site paramedics, enhancing the safety and efficiency of demining operations. A significant partnership with the EU, the UNDPand ANAMA has led to the launch of a new project, funded with a budget of 4.25 million Euros, aimed at facilitating the safe return of IDPs to liberated areas. This initiative is expected to benefit approximately 33,000 families by improving safety and restoring livelihoods in mine-affected regions. Through this project, ANAMA has achieved a milestone by establishing the first female demining teams in Azerbaijan.
Furthermore, the collaboration with Mines Advisory Group has facilitated training and mentoring programs specifically for female de-miners, promoting gender inclusivity in the field. The contribution of Mine Detection Dogs by the Marshall Legacy Institute plays a crucial role in bolstering ANAMA’s capabilities in detecting landmines.
Azerbaijan has embarked on numerous initiatives to galvanize international attention to the mine problem. Together with the UN, Azerbaijan co-organized two annual international conferences on mine action in 2022 and 2023 with nearly 190 delegates representing 51 countries and 16 international organizations. On May 30-31, 2024 Azerbaijan, in partnership with the United Nations, will host the 3rd International Conference on the landmine issue, in Zangilan and Baku.
Another important area of our interest is the impact of landmines on cultural property. Landmines, explosive ordinances and unexploded ordinances threaten cultural property by directly damaging them, limiting people’s access to these sites and disrupting communities’ connection to their heritage. Azerbaijan has also been subjected to this devastating impact of landmines as much of its cultural heritage decimated during the occupation, and remaining sites are still inaccessible due to heavy contamination with landmines, posing a significant challenge for the affected communities. Upon Azerbaijan’s initiative, a resolution “The impact of mines on cultural heritage” was adopted on December 11, 2023, at the 15th meeting of states parties to the 1954 Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property during Armed Conflict”. As a follow-up to this resolution a “Special Conference on the Impact of landmines, explosive ordinances and unexploded ordinances on cultural property” was organized within the 6th World Forum on Intercultural Dialogue in Aghdam on May 3, 2024.
Upon initiative of Azerbaijan, the Non-Aligned Movement established a Contact Group on Humanitarian De-mining in July 2023. The Group commenced its activities by holding the inaugural meeting in September 2023 in New York. The NAM Contact Group, chaired by Azerbaijan, aims at fostering a collective approach to a problem that encompasses over 120 million landmines planted globally, with more than 100 million within NAM territories. The group’s formation marks a significant step towards coordinated efforts in humanitarian mine action, emphasizing advocacy, best practice sharing, victim assistance, and resource mobilization towards achieving a mine-free world, thereby contributing to development, peace, and security for the affected countries.
Azerbaijan is hosting the World Energy Summit in November. Are there any plans to address the issue of landmine contamination during COP29?
The negative impacts of landmines on ecosystems are significant and multifaceted. Landmines cause significant environmental degradation by contaminating soil and water resources with explosive residues, heavy metals, and other toxic substances, leading to pollution and disruption of natural ecosystems. Landmines restrict access to large areas of land, leading to habitat destruction and fragmentation.
That is why, as part of its commitment to addressing environmental concerns related to landmines, Azerbaijan plans to host a side event focusing on the environmental consequences of landmines on the margins of the COP29 meeting in November 2024, integrating landmine issue into this important international discourse and emphasizing the need to address the environmental repercussions of landmine contamination.
Programmes pédagogiques au sein des organisations internationales organisés par l’Alliance Française
Par Beatrice Levorato Barsotti
Dans un monde où les organisations internationales jouent un rôle de plus en plus important, la maîtrise des langues officielles devient un atout crucial. C’est dans ce contexte que le travail de l’Alliance Française pour la promotion de la francophonie, particulièrement dans les domaines juridique et diplomatique, prend tout son sens.
Le cinq fevrier Dr Mayelinne De Lara and Roy Lie Atjam de Diplomat Magazine, ont interviewé Mme. Hélène Pichon Directrice de l’Alliance Francaise de La Haye, Coordinatrice du réseau des Alliances Françaises des Pays-Bas pour le Ministère de l’Europe et des Affaires étrangères et Lucas Levien, Directeur des cours. Levien, impliquée dans le développement de programmes pédagogiques au sein des organisations internationals, a partagé des détails passionnants sur cette mission.
Lucas Levien, Directeur des cours Alliance Francaise La Haya.
Au cœur de cette initiative se trouve un partenariat avec l’Académie de droit international, située au Palais de la Paix. Grâce à ce partenariat, des cours de français juridique ont été mis en place pour les apprenants, avec le soutien du service juridique de l’ambassade de France et de le Secrétaire général, le Professeur Jean-Marc Thouvenin. Cette collaboration représente un effort conjoint pour renforcer l’usage du français dans des domaines spécialisés comme le droit international.
Les sessions de formation, dirigées par des professeurs de l’Alliance, ont lieu deux fois par an, ciblant non seulement les agents actuels des organisations internationales, mais aussi les futurs agents. Il s’agit donc de préparer les décideurs de demain à la maîtrise d’un français diplomatique et juridique.
Parmi les organisations qui bénéficient de ces cours, on trouve la Cour pénale internationale (CPI) et l’Organisation pour l’interdiction des armes chimiques (OIAC), entre autres.
Lucas Levien souligne que dans de nombreuses cases, il existe une tendance où les organisations investissent elles-mêmes dans l’apprentissage du français pour leur personnel. En parallèle, il mentionne que d’autres donateurs externes, comme la France ou l’Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, apportent également leur soutien financier à ces initiatives. “Leur contribution vise non seulement à financer la formation linguistique pour le personnel existant, mais aussi à former de futurs employés qui pourraient rejoindre ces organisations. Donc, il y a un effort collaborative entre les organisations et les donateurs externes pour promouvoir l’apprentissage du francais.”
“En fait, outre le soutien de l’ambassade de France, cette initiative reçoit également des fonds de l’Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), ce qui souligne l’importance de promouvoir la langue française dans des contextes juridiques et diplomatiques. Le programme s’adresse également à des apprenants privés, tels que des diplomates travaillant dans des ambassades, ainsi que des membres d’organisations comme Europol et Eurojust.”
Au fil de la conversation, Lucas Levien a souligné que ces programmes ne se limitent pas aux organisations internationales. L’Alliance enseigne également depuis neuf ans à l’Office Européen des Brevets, situé à Resveig, avec un bâtiment conçu par le célèbre architecte français Jean Nouvel. Cette diversité d’apprenants démontre la portée de l’enseignement du français dans divers domaines, y compris le droit des brevets.
“L’enseignement du français juridique n’est pas un défi facile, mais la persévérance des enseignants et des apprenants a permis de construire une solide base de francophones compétents. Les juges de la CPI, par exemple, bénéficient de cours privés organisés par l’Alliance pour améliorer leur maîtrise du français, avec le soutien de l’OIF. Ces juges, issus de divers pays, ont des emplois du temps chargés, mais leur engagement dans l’apprentissage du français démontre l’importance de cette compétence dans le monde judiciaire international. Actuellement, sept juges suivent des cours privés. Ainsi, l’OIF et l’ambassade de France sont les principaux acteurs du développement de la francophonie parmi eux, en particulier les juges nouvellement élus ainsi que ceux qui ont déjà atteint un certain niveau de compétence en français.”
En fin de compte, cet effort conjoint entre diverses parties prenantes, y compris l’Alliance, l’ambassade de France, et l’OIF, contribue à renforcer la présence de la langue française dans des domaines critiques. L’avenir de la francophonie juridique et diplomatique semble prometteur, grâce à des initiatives comme celle-ci, qui réunissent des acteurs internationaux pour favoriser l’apprentissage et la collaboration.
6 clauses that should be included in an employment contract
Diplomat Magazine recently conducted an interesting interview with our longstanding partner, Jan Dop, from Russell Advocaten, a firm that has been accompanying us for over 10 years in all legal matters. Our focus was on Dutch Employment law, a significant concern for many diplomatic missions. Let’s listen to the expert legal counsel.
The employment contracts of locally hired staff and private servants employed with diplomatic missions including Ambassadors are mostly governed by Dutch employment law. Employers can in principle determine, in consultation with their employees, what is included in the employment contract. However, Dutch law imposes a number of requirements on certain clauses. Which clauses are useful in an employment contract, what do they imply and what should you be aware of? This article discusses various clauses that we recommend to include in an employment contract, such as:
1. Probationary period clause
Upon entering into an employment contract, employer and employee can agree upon a period within which both parties can terminate the contract with immediate effect at any time: the probationary period. However, it is not allowed to include a probationary period clause in a fixed-term employment contract for a period shorter or equal to six months. If an employment contract is entered into for a period exceeding six months, it may be agreed upon a maximum probationary period of one month. A maximum probationary period of two months may be included in employments contracts for a period of 2 years or longer and for an indefinite period. A probationary period does only apply if it (1) has been agreed upon in writing and (2) is the same for both parties. Please note that a probationary period may only be included once and cannot be extended for example because of illness of the employee.
2. Ancillary activities clause
An ancillary activities clause usually means that employees are not allowed to perform other work than for their employer, unless they have received approval to do so. The prohibition of other paid or unpaid activities is limited to the duration of the employment contract. An ancillary activities clause may prevent that employees perform other undesirable activities or that they will get overburdened by having several jobs. A prohibition to perform ancillary activities is only valid if it can be justified on the basis of objective grounds.
3. Unilateral amendments clause
If an employment contract contains a unilateral amendments clause in writing, it may be a little easier for the employer to unilaterally change the employment conditions of the employee. Employees are protected by employment law, so, in principle, the terms and conditions of employment can only be changed with the consent of the employee. However, if a unilateral amendments clause has been agreed upon and the employer has a substantial interest, the employee’s interest in maintaining his terms and conditions of employment may sometimes have to give way.
4. Incorporation clause
The incorporation clause is a clause in the employment contract in which a personnel handbook or code of conduct containing employment conditions and internal regulations of the Diplomatic Mission will be declared applicable. The employee and employer are therefore bound to these additional rules and regulations in case of such a clause.
5. Confidentiality clause
When performing their work, employees will get familiar with confidential information of the employer or relations. To achieve that employees will treat this kind of information carefully, a confidentiality clause can be included in the employment contract. A confidentiality clause determines that the employee will observe secrecy towards confidential information, both during and after the employment.
6. Penalty clause
The employment contract may include that the employee owes a penalty if he violates the agreed-upon conditions. It may be determined that an employee who breaches for example the confidentiality obligation has to pay a certain amount for each violation. The amount of the penalty can be reduced by the judge.
More information
Of course more clauses are possible, like a non-compete clause, social media clause or specific rules applicable to illness of the employee. Apart from these optional clauses, Dutch law prescribes which basic information the employer has to give the employee about the employment contract and in which way this must be done.
This mandatory information includes the description of the job, whether the contract is for a definite or indefinite period, the duration of the contract if it is for a definite period, the right to holidays, the amount of salary, the notice period, the working hours per week, whether overtime is paid and whether the employee is socially insured.
Would you like to get more information on employment contracts and what you can and must include? Do you need assistance in drawing up and assessing an employment contract? Would you like to know whether a situation is in violation of the agreed conditions of employment?
In an exclusive interview with Diplomat Magazine, Minister Carlson Manuel of Curacao offered insights into the triumph of the Curacao Experience, “an extraordinary diplomatic journey that aimed at fostering stronger diplomatic ties and exploring avenues for collaboration and prosperity.”
Inspired by a vision to bring the world to Curacao and transform ambassadors into advocates for the island, Minister Manuel outlined the primary objectives of the Curacao Experience. Central to its mission was the goal of strengthening ties between countries, fostering a sense of unity, and nurturing enduring connections that transcend geographical boundaries.
Reflecting on the journey, Minister Manuel highlighted key moments and interactions that defined the Curacao Experience. “Participants were immersed in Curacao’s vibrant culture, engaged in interactive sessions, and formed a tight-knit community akin to family during their time on the island, sharing experiences and forging deep connections.”
The selection process for ambassadors proved to be a meticulous endeavor,. “Selecting ambassadors was challenging, prioritizing countries with the greatest potential for collaboration and those geographically close to Curacao.” While the inaugural trip accommodated 25 ambassadors, Minister Manuel expressed: “it was difficult because I wanted to invite them all. Next Curacao Experience, I will aim to accommodate more participants to expand the reach and impact of the initiative.”
Among the sectors identified for collaboration, green energy, agriculture, trade, and tourism emerged as areas of mutual interest for participating countries. The carefully curated agenda seamlessly blended informative sessions with practical work visits, providing ambassadors with an immersive experience that deepened their understanding of Curacao’s strengths and potential for partnership.
Looking ahead, Minister Manuel envisions tangible outcomes arising from the relationships forged during the Curacao Experience. Increased trade, investment, and cultural exchange are anticipated to drive mutual prosperity and growth, laying the foundation for enduring collaboration between Curacao and its partners.
To sustain the momentum generated by the trip, Minister Manuel said “regular communication with ambassadors and follow-ups on initiatives from the trip are planned aiming to solidify partnerships and expand cooperation in the months and years to come.”
Reflecting on lessons learned, Minister Manuel emphasized the importance of transparent communication, stakeholder engagement, and the transformative power of experiential learning in fostering cooperation. In conclusion, the success of the Curacao Experience underscores the transformative potential of diplomacy in forging meaningful connections and paving the way for a brighter future of collaboration and growth.
Diplomat Magazine had the privilege of interviewing H.E. Mr. Brendan Rogers, Ambassador of Ireland to the Netherlands. In this insightful discussion, Ambassador Rogers shed light on various aspects of Ireland’s diplomatic engagement with the Netherlands.
Reflecting on the longstanding diplomatic ties between Ireland and the Netherlands, Ambassador Rogers emphasized the rich history of collaboration and friendship between the two nations. “One of my first tasks as a young Irish diplomat was to accompany the President of Ireland on a State Visit to the Netherlands in 1986! King Willem Alexander paid a State Visit to Ireland in 2019. Diplomatic relations were established in 1945 and the first Ambassador was appointed in January 1950.” Ambassador explained.
“Ireland and the Netherlands are partners within the EU and within larger multilateral contexts such as the United Nations and other international fora. The Netherlands has been a strong supporter of the Irish Peace Process. Ireland and the Netherlands have worked closely on development cooperation, especially in Africa.
There are about 13,000 Irish citizens living, working and studying in the Netherlands, contributing to Dutch life. However, nothing must be taken for granted and both the Dutch and Irish Governments work hard to maintain and sustain a strong relationship.”
In his role as Ambassador, Ambassador Rogers outlined key diplomatic priorities aimed at deepening mutual understanding and cooperation between Ireland and the Netherlands.
“In the modern world, with instant communications and information at one’s fingertips, it has been posited that perhaps classic diplomacy might be outdated. After all, comprehensive information on all aspects of Dutch life is available online!
Diplomacy is a human enterprise, rooted in interactions between people. These personal and professional relationship networks are the building blocks which facilitate mutual understanding between States. Building trust, understanding, and respect for differences, mutual cooperation and collaboration cannot be achieved online!
For Ireland in the Netherlands a key priority for me has been to ensure that the optimal relations between Ireland and the Netherlands, which has existed for decades is maintained.”
Economic engagement between Ireland and the Netherlands emerged as a central theme, with Ambassador Rogers emphasizing the substantial trade volume.
“Trade between Ireland and the Netherlands is over €40 billion in goods and services. This is a huge amount of economic engagement between both countries and each country is one of the largest markets for the other. Ireland exports over one billion Euro in food and drinks alone to the Netherlands. The Netherlands is our third largest market of for Irish owned enterprise. Economic engagement is therefore intensive and growing. Tourism is also a growth sector and over a quarter of a million Dutch tourist visit Ireland each year.
The sector ripe for growth, in my opinion, is the that of renewable energy and particularly Green Hydrogen. The Netherlands is advancing rapidly in this area. Ireland has an abundance of wind energy potential, particularly off our west coast. While we have made progress on this during my tenure, the challenge now is to facilitate the necessary connections and opportunities to build on cooperation in this sector.
At the practical level this has meant a number of actions and priorities:
Building and expanding upon the strong trading relations between both countries. We have been working on new areas of growth such as sustainable energy and a number of Memorandums of Understanding have been signed between key ports of Rotterdam and Amsterdam and a number of ports in Ireland.
Travelling throughout the Netherlands meeting local leaders and the Irish community and getting a real sense of the heartbeat of the country.
Facilitating reciprocal visits between both countries at every level. In my time here PM Rutte has been to Ireland and a number of Ministers have travelled in both directions.
Promoting Irish cultural awareness in the Netherlands and in the last few years we have organised and promoted literary, music, fashion and dance events. Two of our Irish national holidays celebrating St. Patrick and St. Brigid have provided superb platforms on which to showcase the best of Ireland.
Understanding and engaging with the Netherlands on a range of issues relating to the EU and more general international affairs of imports to both countries.”
Beyond diplomatic endeavors, Ambassador Rogers highlighted Ireland’s soft power influence.
“I think Irish people have a certain gift for forming friendships. When I am speaking to our Irish communities here, I always remind them that while I may have the title of Ambassador, they are the real Ambassadors for Ireland. The perception of Ireland that exists in the Netherlands is the result of the sum of all the individual and collective actions of the Embassy, our State Agencies, our private sector, our cultural ambassadors (writers, musicians, dancers, artists, poets, sports persons,) and together they form the basis of the bilateral relationship between Ireland and the Netherlands. I’m very proud to be part of that.”
In an exclusive conversation with H.E. Mr Cyrill Jean Nunn, Ambassador of Germany, we delve into the current state of bilateral relations, key areas of cooperation, commercial dynamics, and the future of collaboration between these two European nations.
Ambassador Nunn characterizes the current state of relations as exceptional, highlighting the dense cooperation across various sectors including economy, security, science, and culture. He notes, “Our relations have reached a level of density that is exceptional. That is true for all fields of cooperation.”
Among the myriad areas of collaboration, the integration of armed forces stands out, facilitating joint training and acquisition. Ambassador Nunn remarks, “Our armed forces are integrated, which delivers various benefits such as joint training, joint acquisition of materiel.” Recent initiatives, like government consultations and joint projects launched in 2023, further solidify this robust partnership. “In 2023, we launched a number of initiatives for a stronger Europe, an innovative economy and infrastructure and even more collaboration in security and defence,” Mr. Nunn adds.
Trade dynamics remain strong, particularly in sectors such as technology, mechanical engineering, and energy. Both countries are at the forefront of digitization, preparing their economies for the future. Ambassador Nunn emphasizes, “Both Germany and the Netherlands are home to extremely innovative companies.” Initiatives like the Innovation Pact aim to foster innovation and address regulatory differences, ensuring sustained growth and competitiveness. “In 2021, Germany and the Netherlands have signed the Innovation Pact,” Ambassador Nunn explains, “This pact is intended to foster innovation in important forward-looking areas.” “We share a border of 567 kilometres. Our economies have always been extremely intertwined. Germany is the biggest trading partner for the Netherlands. Less known is the fact that the Netherlands are also Germany’s biggest trading partner in Europe and the third biggest in the world after China and the USA. The bilateral trade volume is at 215 billion Euros.”
Cooperation on Global Issues
Germany and the Netherlands collaborate closely on regional and global challenges, including climate change, security, and migration. Initiatives like the climate club with currently 38 members demonstrate their shared commitment to environmental sustainability, while cross-border projects like the protection of the Wadden Sea underscore their dedication to preserving natural resources. Ambassador Nunn highlights, “The Netherlands is one of Germany’s closest EU and multilateral partners in NATO and the UN.”.
“Germany ranks first in terms of destinations of trips abroad of the Dutch. In 2023 we had more than 11 mio. overnight stays of Dutch people in Germany. Vice versa we have a lot of Germans enjoying the beaches and lovely cities of the Netherlands. This contributes to exchange on a civil society level and underlines the interest in each other.”
Looking ahead, Ambassador Nunn envisions deeper cooperation in addressing shared challenges on the European stage. “The latest developments – think about the pandemic, the Russian war of aggression in Ukraine – have brought us closer together,” he notes. As Europe moves towards greater unity and geopolitical significance, Germany and the Netherlands will play important roles in shaping its future through reforms, enlargement, and enhanced cooperation.
Ambassador Nunn emphasizes Germany’s goals towards a clean, sustainable future and climate protection, focusing on expanding cooperation in offshore wind energy and green hydrogen economy. While challenges may arise, addressing them requires continued dialogue and concerted efforts towards common objectives. “Germany and the Netherlands are strong partners in the ambition towards a clean, sustainable future and climate protection. For this goal we are expanding our cooperation on offshore wind energy and the development of a green hydrogen economy with the necessary cross-border infrastructure. With our leading European ports as hubs for the import and distribution of hydrogen, as well as our strong and innovative industrial companies, we want to play an important part of the energy transition on our continent in the years to come.” Mr Nunn asserts.
Emerging issues, such as the importance of language proficiency, highlight the need for greater cultural understanding and communication. Initiatives promoting language learning, especially among youth, are crucial for fostering stronger bilateral relations and a more cohesive Europe. “It remains of the utmost importance that we speak and understand each other’s language. It is not enough, as direct neighbours, to communicate through English. Communicating in each other‘s mother tongue establishes a much stronger connection. We need to put effort into motivating youth to learn at least two foreign languages for the sake of our bilateral relations and the future of our common Europe. There is a constant interest in Dutch in the German Bundesländer Nordrhein-Westfalen and Niedersachsen. In the Euregios, cross-border structures in which, above all, local and regional authorities have joined together, we can see a lot of good projects. At the same time, we need long-lasting structural approaches and must not get tired to explain the benefits of foreign language learning again and again.”
Germany and the Netherlands share a relationship that goes beyond mere diplomatic ties; it’s a bond deeply rooted in history, geography, and mutual interests.
As both nations navigate the complexities of the modern world, their partnership serves as a model for international collaboration, grounded in shared values and a commitment to a prosperous future.
During my almost 20 diplomatic years so far, I have come across several books written by fellow diplomatic spouses and also wrote, at one point, my own story.
Some of these books are funny, others more serious, but they all depict small pieces of our lives, from an inside prospective, which might sometimes be surprisingly different from what people usually assume about us.
I must say though that none of the above mentioned readings presented in such a simple and direct way the equation of diplomatic /expat living.
‘Expat Partner- Staying active and finding work’ is a complete guide of emotions in the first place: what you feel and what needs you have when you embark on such a journey of life, what you need and must prioritize in order to be happy and find peace and soul fulfillment.
The two Belgian authors, Carine Bormans and Marie Geukens, have been diplomatic spouses for many years and have seen from the inside what it means and what it takes to make the most out of this diplomatic life.
‘The idea of the book came after a workshop I have organized at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’, says Carine. ‘During that workshop, I had used the model I later explained in the book. The model helps people in their personal search during transition times like moving abroad. Marie attended the workshop and she was so enthusiastic. She said I should write a book about my experiences as an expat, and also as a Family officer at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belgium. All the testimonies I heard made me realize I had to understand better what working meant to people. By better understanding all the aspects of life that are affected when one is working or not, you can make better choices and it becomes clearer what your priorities are. The words, the testimonies from the partners of expats and diplomats were the seeds of the book.’
‘The book offers a valuable method to sharpen one’s point of view on what work means. It helps in making life choices and broadens up the possibility to stay active and find work when abroad.’ (Marie)
They decided to write the book together, putting their own talents and expertise to work.
‘I don’t know how Carine got all the ideas, information and the structure. She read so much about expatriation and talked to so many people. She wrote the first manuscript, which I then edited and later I also wrote my own story, so I became a co-author instead of a ghostwriter, along the writing process.’(Marie)
Marie continues: ‘this book is the result of many experiences: our own and those of the many spouses Carine listened to while doing her job at the Foreign Ministry. The model is based on an analysis of those experiences. Therefore it became a powerful tool. Although it warns for the downsides of being an expat partner, it also gives realistic solutions. Thanks to those experiences, it became a very hands-on self-help book.’
‘I have identified five aspects of life that are affected if you are working or not: salary; financial and social security; professional skills; social contact and structure and identity. If you stop working, you have to make choices on how you are going to deal with each of these aspects. By better understanding your priorities, it becomes clearer to you what you need to do next.’ (Carine)
‘Work can be a part of your identity. These five elements are not automatically fulfilled while abroad and if you are able to tear those elements apart and approach them as different pieces of a cake, you can decide which ones you want to develop by keeping on your plate; the others you put in the fridge. We give examples and questions for the readers to make up their own minds about which aspects are at a certain moment in life more important than others.’ (Marie)
In time, the book has become a very useful tool. ‘The ministries of Foreign Affairs from both Belgium and Luxembourg organize yearly seminars for spouses of new diplomats. Their feedback is very positive and the majority of them think it is absolutely necessary that also the diplomats themselves should follow our seminars. During our seminars, we always ask the public at the end what they take home with them. Answers can vary a lot, but generally there is always something positive and something impactful. 71 percent of the failed expatriations are due to an unintegrated partner. That is a strong reason why employers should take partners more seriously. I recently heard that another spouse got inspired by our book to make podcasts on this topic, and she reached out to us. Maybe we will work together on that.’ (Marie)
Carine adds: ‘I am nowback in Belgium after 35 years of expatriation and I want to continue sharing the model of this book with the young generation. It is for them that the book is especially useful, as young people don’t give up their professional career that easily anymore, when they move abroad.’
Indeed, it is imperative that you start this journey prepared and have a clear idea of your options and career plan. It’s never easy, but it’s definitely a worthwhile life adventure!
Expat Partner- Staying active and finding work’ by Carine Bormans and Marie Geukens.
The book is currently available in English and Dutch and may be ordered online. There is also an e-book version. You may also reach out to Carine and Marie.
