In the final Trial Judgment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), Trial Chamber I today convicted Ratko Mladić, former Commander of the Main Staff of the Bosnian Serb Army (VRS) of genocide, crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war.
These crimes were committed by Serb forces during the armed conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) from 1992 until 1995. Ratko Mladić was sentenced to life imprisonment.
Mladić was convicted of genocide and persecution, extermination, murder, and the inhumane act of forcible transfer in the area of Srebrenica in 1995; of persecution, extermination, murder, deportation and inhumane act of forcible transfer in municipalities throughout BiH; of murder, terror and unlawful attacks on civilians in Sarajevo; and of hostage-taking of UN personnel. He was acquitted of the charge of genocide in several municipalities in BiH in 1992.
The Chamber found that Mladić committed these crimes through his participation in, and contribution to, four joint criminal enterprises (JCE), i.e. the Overarching JCE, the Sarajevo JCE, the Srebrenica JCE and the Hostage-taking JCE.
The Overarching JCE, which existed between 1991 and November 1995, had the objective of permanently removing Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Croats from Bosnian Serb-claimed territory through the commission of crimes in municipalities throughout BiH (Municipalities). The Chamber found that the evidence did not support a finding that the crime of genocide formed part of the objective of the Overarching JCE.
The Judges established that Bosnian Serb Forces killed many Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Croats, while numerous others were forcibly displaced from their homes, during and after the take-over of the Municipalities or following attacks on non-Serb villages.
“Circumstances were brutal; those who tried to defend their homes were met with ruthless force. Mass executions occurred and some victims succumbed after being beaten. Many of the perpetrators who had captured Bosnian Muslims, showed little or no respect for human life or dignity”, said the Presiding Judge Alphons Orie. Â
Other victims were arrested, detained in detention facilities, often under inhumane living conditions, subjected to torture, beatings, rape and other acts of sexual violence, and then transported out of the Municipalities.
Mladić was instrumental to the commission of these crimes, the Chamber found, so much so that without his acts – they would not have been committed as they were. The judges therefore found that he significantly contributed to achieving the common objective of permanently removing Muslims and Croats from Serb-claimed territory in BiH by committing the crimes.
Mladić was found guilty of persecution, extermination, murder, deportation, and the inhumane act of forcible transfer.
The Chamber further found by majority (Judge Orie dissenting), that the physical perpetrators in several municipalities intended to destroy the Bosnian Muslims in those Municipalities as a part of the protected group.
However, the judges concluded that the Bosnian Muslims targeted in each municipality formed a relatively small part and were not in other ways a substantial part of the protected group. Consequently, the Chamber was not satisfied that the only reasonable inference was that the physical perpetrators possessed the required intent to destroy a substantial part of the protected group of Bosnian Muslims.
Between May 1992 and November 1995, the Judges found, Mladić significantly contributed to a JCE to establish and carry out a campaign of sniping and shelling, aimed to spread terror among the civilian population of Sarajevo (Sarajevo JCE).
During this period, the VRS deliberately shelled and sniped the civilian population of Sarajevo daily, often at locations that had little or no military value, resulting in deaths and injuries of thousands of citizens. The people of Sarajevo, Presiding Judge Orie said “were made to live in a state of constant distress. Every time they or their loved ones left their homes, they wondered if they would be targeted by sniper or artillery fire”.
The Judges determined that Mladić intended to perpetrate these crimes to achieve the objective of the Sarajevo JCE and that his actions were instrumental to the commission of the crimes. The Chamber therefore found Mladić guilty of the crimes of terror, unlawful attacks on civilians and murder.
The Chamber also established that a JCE existed with the common purpose of taking UN personnel hostage to compel NATO to abstain from conducting air strikes against Bosnian Serb targets (Hostage-taking JCE).
To this end, between approximately 25 May and 24 June 1995, UN personnel were detained by Bosnian Serb Forces and taken to various locations throughout BiH. Some were chained or handcuffed, at times at gunpoint, outside locations of military significance. Mladić intended to detain the UN personnel and issued threats against them during their detention in order to achieve the objective of stopping the NATO air strikes.
The judges concluded that Mladić’s contributions were central to the implementation of the Hostage-taking JCE’s objective and that he is therefore guilty of the crime of taking hostages.
Further, the Chamber found that in 1995 Mladić participated in a JCE to eliminate the Bosnian Muslims in Srebrenica (Srebrenica JCE).
In March 1995 Mladić signed orders for a strategic operation against the enclave, intending to empty it of its Bosnian Muslim population and make the area Serbian territory. After the VRS entered Srebrenica on 11 July 1995, the Bosnian Muslim women, children, and some elderly men were forcibly removed from the enclave to Bosnian Muslim-held territory. The Bosnian-Muslim men taken from the UN base in Potočari were detained in temporary detention facilities and later, together with thousands of others captured from the column fleeing the enclave on foot, bussed to various sites in Srebrenica, Bratunac, and Zvornik municipalities, where they were executed.
The Chamber found that Mladić intended to carry out the objective of the Srebrenica JCE by destroying the Bosnian Muslims in Srebrenica, by killing the men and boys and forcibly removing the women, young children, and some elderly men. The Chamber therefore found Mladić guilty of genocide, persecution, murder, extermination, and the inhumane act of forcible transfer.
Parties have the right to appeal the judgement. The appeal proceedings, if any, will be carried out by the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (MICT).
Ratko Mladić is entitled to credit for time spent in detention thus far.
The Trial Chamber I was composed of Judge Alphons Orie (presiding, The Netherlands), Judge Bakone Justice Moloto (South Africa) and Judge Christoph FlĂĽgge (Germany).
The trial commenced on 16 May 2012 and the hearing of evidence lasted for over four years, during which the Chamber sat for 530 trial days and received the evidence of 592 witnesses and nearly 10,000 exhibits. The Chamber also took judicial notice of approximately 2,000 adjudicated facts. The closing arguments were held from 5 to 15 December 2016.
Since its establishment, the Tribunal has indicted 161 persons for serious violations of humanitarian law committed on the territory of the former Yugoslavia between 1991 and 2001. Proceedings against 155 have been concluded. Proceedings are currently ongoing for 6 accused.
The award was received by Ambassador Jean-Pierre Karabaranga, Ambassador of Rwanda to the Netherlands. Ambassador Karabaranga was accompanied by his spouse and members of the Rwandan community in the Netherlands.
The Voice Achievers Award is established in the Netherlands, as a project of The Voice Magazine to recognize Africans and friends of Africa of outstanding achievement on a yearly basis. Since 2012, the award took a global outlook recognizing people outside of the Netherlands.
Last year, the Embassy of Rwanda in the Netherlands was awarded the Best African Embassy within The Netherlands, according to the Statement from the Embassy. 
On his travels he made many sketches and bought photographs by local and internationally renowned photographers, which -back home in his atelier- he developed into paintings and wonderfully refined etchings. In his etchings he was much influenced by Rembrandt, while his painting style he was in the main stream of the last quarter of the 19th century.
His work is somewhat like what a travel writer might photograph today. He showed the extraordinary, he was fascinated with local ceremonies. His best work came out of his travel through British India.
He died in 1932 leaving a very large oeuvre of works, which aren’t often seen.
Go and visit his exposition in Pulchri. It is well worth it, but hurry, it lasts until December 3rd only.
