Too late for half-heartedness

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By Barend ter Haar. As is the tradition in the Netherlands, the elections for the House of Representatives that took place on 15 March 2017 do not only lead to a new parliament, but also to a new government. The new parliament has been installed, but the installation of a new executive will probably not take place before the summer, because the question which parties will be allowed to form a new council of ministers, the so-called Kabinet, will be the subject of intense negotiations during the coming months. The objective is to form a government that has sufficient support in Parliament, in any case in the House of Representatives (the “Second Chamber”), but preferably also in the Senate. Since a system of proportional representation system was introduced in 1918, no party has ever had a majority of seats. A Dutch government is therefore always based on an agreement between two or more parties. After the recent elections at least four parties are needed to attain a majority in the House of Representatives. Negotiations have therefore started between four of the six biggest parties: VVD (conservative-liberal; 33 seats), CDA (conservative; 19 seats), D66 (centre; 19 seats) and GroenLinks (leftish-green; 14 seats). Although the parties at the extreme right (the populist PVV with 20 seats) and the extreme left (the Socialist Party with 14 seats) do not participate in these negotiations, the differences are large. Nevertheless, it seems possible to find compromises on most issues, for example by exchanging concessions or by splitting the difference. However, there is one subject that should not become the victim of half-hearted compromises and that is climate change. Climate change has not been a central theme in the election contest, but it will be a major item on the agenda of the new Dutch government. All the four parties involved in the formation of a new government support the Paris Agreement on climate change. However, the Agreement leaves implementation to the discretion of the Parties, although it is clear that a minimalist interpretation will not suffice to prevent global temperatures rising more than 2 degrees Celsius. The main fear of D66 and GroenLinks is therefore that the Netherlands is doing too little, but the impression VVD and CDA have been giving, possibly in order to please their voters, is that their main worry is that the Netherlands would be doing too much. This is not something that can be solved by a half-baked compromise. It is crucial that all four parties agree that preventing climate disasters, first in Africa and elsewhere, later in the Netherlands, is not a matter of party politics, but a common responsibility that requires extra efforts both domestically and internationally.

Human Rights Day in the Republic of South Africa: 21 March

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  By H.E. Mr. Vusi Bruce Koloane Ambassador of the Republic of South Africa to the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Human Rights Day is a national day that is commemorated annually on 21 March to remind South Africans about the sacrifices that accompanied the struggle for the attainment of democracy in South Africa. This year’s commemoration took place under the theme: “The Year of OR Tambo: Unity in action in advancing Human Rights”. President Jacob Zuma gave a key note address at the Human Rights Day celebrations which was held in Victoria Sports Ground, King Williams Town, Eastern Cape. Why Human Rights Day? The historical basis of Human Rights Day is attributed to the Sharpeville Massacre that took place on 21 March 1960 as residents of Sharpeville and citizens across the country, embarked on protest marches against pass laws (required Africans to carry pass books (Dompas) and produce them to law enforcement officials on request).The apartheid police shot and killed 69 of the protesters at Sharpeville and many other people were killed in other parts of the country.  The tragedy came to be known as the Sharpeville Massacre and it exposed the apartheid government’s deliberate violation of human rights to the world. These events mobilized the international community into action against the apartheid government.  The United Nations (UN) subsequently declared 21 March as the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. The democratic government of South African declared 21 March as Human Rights Day in which the country celebrates South Africa’s transition to a democratic system that honours and respects human rights, and the Human Rights Month of March is used to promote the country’s Constitution which, among other things, enshrines human rights in a Bill of Rights. South Africans shall be perpetually indebted to all the anti-apartheid organisations, movements and Governments that contributed both material and political support to the struggle against the worst form of human degradation of the then Apartheid Government. We have a moral obligation to both the South Africans, the former anti-apartheid movement, Africa and the international community , to uphold the values of humanity and all that it represents. As South Africans we use this National day each year not only to remind our people of the tragic past, but also most importantly, to highlight the need to ensure that we promote and consolidate our human rights culture and democracy as entrenched in our Constitution and the Bill of Rights. These rights include:
  • Equality – everyone is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and benefit of the law.
  • Human dignity – everyone has inherent dignity and have their dignity respected and protected.
  • Freedom of movement and residence – everyone has a right to freedom of movement and to reside anywhere in the country.
  • Language and culture – everyone has the right to use the language and to participate in the cultural life of their choice.
  • Life – everyone has the right to life.
As indicated above the theme of Human Rights this year is “The year of OR Tambo: Unity in Action in Advancing Human Rights”. This year South Africa is celebrating the life of a liberator, teacher, intellectual, internationalist and a unifier who kept the liberation movement together and in focus during the during the most difficult moments in our struggle. Mr OR Tambo strove for unity at all times and this inspires all democracy and human right respecting citizens to work together to achieve a vision of a truly united, non-racial, non-sexist, democratic and prosperous South Africa. Our Constitution enshrines the socio-economic rights such as health, education, food, water and social security. It thus becomes of paramount importance that we continue advancing the National Development Plan that seeks to eliminate the ugly head of unemployment and poverty whilst ushering in economic emancipation to ensure no future treat of these highly upheld human rights values. We have made great strides in these areas and yet more still needs to be done. Together with our international partners we have proved that nothing is impossible by destroying apartheid, and we again make a call to the international community to partner with South Africa and Africa as we go through this journey. Government hosted various activities throughout Human Rights Month to remind all South Africans of the noble need to continue working together to uphold the culture of human rights. Human Rights come with responsibilities and we all have the responsibility to build a society that respects the rule of law. As citizens of South Africa we need to ensure that our human rights record and history are preserved and strengthened for future generations. As South Africans, we mark Human Rights Day every year for important reasons. South Africa comes from a history where there was a scant regard for fundamental human rights. So it is most fitting that as a country we pause every year and remember the past so as to learn from it and never to repeat the same wrongs. On human rights day we also take stock of progress made in the promotion of human rights. We further recommit ourselves to advance the fundamental human rights and the restoration of human dignity to the black people in particular, who were brutalized and dehumanized by the twin systems of colonialism and apartheid. It is sad that some criminal elements in our country have advanced their criminal activities under the guise of Xenophobia, looting the businesses of fellow Africans and diaspora earning an honest living, an act that Government strongly condemned. Our Constitution enshrines the socio-economic rights such as health, education, food, water and social security. It thus becomes of paramount importance that we continue advancing the National Development Plan that seeks to eliminate the ugly head of unemployment and poverty whilst ushering in economic emancipation to ensure no future treat of these highly upheld human rights values. We have made great strides in these areas and yet more still needs to be done. Together with our international partners we have proved that nothing is impossible by destroying apartheid, and we again make a call to the international community to partner with South Africa and Africa as we go through this journey. Government hosted various activities throughout Human Rights Month to remind all South Africans of the noble need to continue working together to uphold the culture of human rights. Human Rights come with responsibilities and we all have the responsibility to build a society that respects the rule of law. As citizens of South Africa we need to ensure that our human rights record and history are preserved and strengthened for future generations.  

OPCW twenty years in The Hague

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By Jhr. Alexander W. Beelaerts van Blokland LL.M. In April 2017 The Hague will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) in The Hague. The OPCW’s aims are monitoring non-proliferation of chemical weapons, collecting evidence of the destruction of chemical weapons, giving assistance and protection to all member states (almost all countries in the world) and promoting international cooperation in peaceful chemistry. The OPCW is a fully independent, autonomous international organization, with a working staff of 500, representing some 70 nationalities and has an official working relationship with the UN. OPCW has a long history. One can say that it started back in 1899, also in The Hague. In that year the Hague Peace Conference adopted the first international document on chemical arms control banning the diffusion of ‘asphyxiating and deleterious gases’. Unfortunatelly it did not prevent the use of poisonous gasses in both World Wars, nor did it stop governments from producing and stockpiling chemical weapons. But it did set the groundwork for the future OPCW, laying the foundation for a normative and legal opposition to chemical weapons. In the 1980s, the debate on these weapons was rekindled. In 1993, the Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and Their Destruction was adopted to end the continuing use of chemical weapons in conflicts. The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) stipulated the creation of an international organization that would promote and verify the Convention agreements. This lead to a three-way bid for the OPCW between The Hague, Geneva and Vienna. The Netherlands was proud that The Hague had been selected as the official seat of the OPCW. In April 1997 the Chemical Weapons Convention entered into force. That same month the organization committed to carry out the terms of the Convention opened it doors in The Hague. On 20 May 1998, Her Majesty Queen Beatrix of The Netherlands officially opened OPCW’s modern building. OPCW became an enormous succes and received the Nobel Peace Prize. OPCW and The Hague will celebrate this on 26 April 2017 in the Hall of Knights. His Majesty King Willem-Alexander will attend this ceremony. During two weeks also hundreds of festive flags and banners will cheer up The Hague as a tribute to OPCW. ——— About the author: Jhr. Alexander W. Beelaerts van Blokland LL.M. is Justice (Judge) in the (Dutch) Court of Appeal and honorary Special Advisor International Affairs, appointed by the Mayor and Aldermen of The Hague. Contact: a.beelaerts@planet.nl

The refugees from the Middle East, a postponed only problem

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By Corneliu Pivariu, CEO INGEPO Consulting, MG (two stars general – ret.) After the 2016 wave of refugees to Europe, the winter of 2017 and the regional geopolitical juncture, the beginning of spring marks another respite for the countries of Europe in what concerns the problem of refugees. But the winter of 2017/2018, that might make again the number of refugees decrease significantly is still far and, taking into account the evolution of the general situation in Europe and especially in the European Union, as well as the relations with the Russian Federation, but also the way the new US Administration will impact the world geopolitics (which, in our opinion will be better felt only as of 2018), we don’t see another more important factor leading to a significant drop in the wave of migrants to Europe. As the situation and the evolution of the migrants in 2016 have been presented at large by the European media, we will concentrate on analyzing the situation of the migrants from the Middle East where Syria, after six years of civil war, continues to be their main pool and source. The last report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) issued of late, contains a complex analysis of the migrants’ situation and stresses the extremely difficult situation they are in. On the average, at the global level 1 of 113 people is a refugee. The conflicts, persecutions and violences made that the number of refugees/migrants reached – in the first half of last year – 3.2 million people, more than half of them coming from Syria. Among those, 1.7 million are internally displaced while 1.5 million took refuge outside Syria’s international borders. Most Syrian refugees moved mainly to Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan and Egypt. Another important number of refugees left Irak, Burundi, Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Somalia and The Sudan. Among all countries, Turkey was, according to the abovementioned report, on the first place as number of refugees – 2.8 million, followed by Pakistan (1.6 million), Lebanon (1 million), Iran (978,000), Etiopia (742,700), Jordan (691,800). Germany was ranked the 8th with 478,600 refugees. As share of refugees among local population, the most difficult situation is witnessed by Lebanon where for each 1,000 citizens there are 173 refugees (Lebanon inherits the old issue of the Palestinian refugees on its territory – around 452,000 in January, 2015). Jordan is on the second place, with 89 refugees per 1,000 inhabitants while in Turkey there are 35 refugees per 1,000 inhabitants. Stress should be laid on the fact that during the first half of the last year, the most important role in sheltering the refugees was played by countries with lower or mediun income. Besides, the report cites that of the total financial needs for the refugees to five countries of the Middle East (Egypt, Irak, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey), the international community succeeded in securing 65% only of the funds necessary to them and their situation is extremely difficult as far as the main indicators such as food security, health, education and water supply are concerned. In April 2016 only, the number of school age Syrian children without access to education was 916,000 (65% of the total), an increase by 9% compared to December, 2015. 55% of the Syrian refugees live in Lebanon in conditions not meeting the standard of living, in improvised, over-populated shelters, in poor and insanitary areas. 70% of the refugees in Jordan receive less than the national standard of 100 litres of water/person/day while in Lebanon 50% of the water distribution network is old and needs wide-range rehabilitation. There is no wastewater treatment as there is no network of disposing the solid household waste. Besides their own problems, the huge majority of these migrants/refugees are a heavy burden for the governments of the countries they are in not only economically but also socially. There is still a great number of refugees not registered officially but even those officially registered put pressure on the local manpower, lead to increasing violences and criminality, affect the general political and social environment of the respective countries which are already facing difficult political and economic problems. The international community should pay a greater attention to this problem which could worsen with difficult to assess consequences. The sharp polarization of human society due to these causes will aggravate the already (during the last years) exacerbated contradictions generating an increased instability and favouring the actions of those wanting a new redivision of the world. ———- About the author: Corneliu Pivariu, former first deputy for military intelligence (two stars general) in the Romanian MoD, retired 2003. Member of IISS – London, alumni of Harvard – Kennedy School Executive Education and others international organizations. Founder of INGEPO Consulting, and bimonthly Bulletin, Geostrategic Pulse”. Main areas of expertise – geopolitics, intelligence and security. Photography by INGEPO Consulting. Photographer: Ionus Paraschiv.    

How to act in case of an ill employee?

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By Jan Dop, employment lawyer at Russell Advocaten. Every Embassy and Consulate will at some point be confronted with ill employees. Since Dutch employment law regarding employee illness is quite complex, Russell Advocaten is often asked by Embassies and Consulates what to do in case of an ill employee. In general, Embassies and Consulates, as employers of local employees, are treated like any other employer in the Netherlands. In the following, Russell Advocaten will discuss frequently asked questions regarding employee illness in the Netherlands.
  • How to report employee illness?
Just as any other employer in the Netherlands, Embassies and Consulates have the duty to call in the assistance of an occupational safety and health service (in Dutch: Arbodienst). There are various Arbodienst-companies in the Netherlands. It is possible to enter into a long-term agreement with an Arbodienst, but you can also decide to only hire an Arbodienst for certain tasks. If an employee has called in sick, the employer has to report the illness to the Arbodienst as soon as possible. The Arbodienst examines the medical condition of the employee. The Arbodienst reports to the employer whether or not the employee is capable to perform his job or any other suitable work within the organisation. Embassies and Consulates are not allowed to ask the employee about his medical situation or examine the employee themselves.
  • What about the salary payment of an ill employee?
Embassies and Consulates are obliged to pay at least 70% of the employee’s salary during the first two years of illness. However, during the first year of illness, the payment may not be lower than the statutory minimum wage. This rule does not apply to the second year. Irrespective of the employee’s salary, Embassies and Consulates do not have to pay more than 70% of the statutory daily maximum wage. The obligation to pay the employee’s salary may be extended by one extra year in case the Institute for Execution of Employees’ Insurances (in Dutch: UWV WERKbedrijf) decides that the Embassy or Consulate did not put enough effort into the re-integration of the employee.
  • How to meet the re-integration obligation?
In order to avoid such an extension of the obligation to pay salary, it is very important to make an active effort to keep the employee’s absence due to illness as short as possible. The reintegration should initially aim at the employee’s return to his job. However, if that is not successful, he has to be offered suitable work with his own employer or a different employer will have to be found (this is the so-called second track reintegration). It is important to make sure that an ill employee is being examined regularly by the Arbodienst (for instance every 4 – 6 weeks). Furthermore, during the first two years of illness there are several obligations for the employer to draw up reports regarding the illness of the employee and to report the employee illness to the UWV.
  • Is it possible to terminate the employment contract with an ill employee?
During the first two years of illness it is not allowed to dismiss an employee, except when the employee refuses to comply with the legal obligations in case of illness without good reasons (only in exceptional situations). After two years of illness, Embassies and Consulates are in principle allowed to terminate the employment contract of the employee, once the UWV has granted permission to do so. Please be aware that in case the UWV is of the opinion that the employer did not put enough effort in the reintegration of the employee and extends the obligation to pay wages during illness by one extra year, the prohibition to dismiss the employee will also be extended by one extra year. An ill employee, whose employment contract is being terminated by the employer after two years of illness, is – just as in other dismissal cases – entitled to severance pay called ‘transition compensation’. The Dutch government intends to compensate employers who have to pay transition compensation to an employee with long-term ill health as of 2018. Advice Employee illness in the Netherlands requires adequate and precise guidance. Russell Advocaten offers Embassies and Consulates tailor-made advice and guidance to avoid timely and costly procedures.  

Belgian State Visit to Denmark March 2017

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By H.E. Louise Bang Jespersen, Ambassador of Denmark to the Kingdom of Belgium. Their Majesties King Philippe and Queen Mathilde paid their first State Visit to Denmark from 28-30 of March 2017. The royal couple was accompanied by an impressive Belgian delegation of ministers, academics and companies from different sectors, including sustainable solutions, logistics and health. Our countries already share a warm and constructive relationship and have a strong cooperation on many issues. We also share a common commitment to the green transition and a mutual interest in developing our societies and finding smart solutions using the newest technology for the challenges ahead.
Danish and Belgian royals with the Belgian federal state premiers – Picture by the Belgian Monarchy.
  His Majesty the King and Her Majesty the Queen witnessed first-hand how the Green Transition plays out in Denmark. On a boat trip throughout the harbor of Copenhagen together with HRH Crown Prince Frederik and HRH Crown Princess Mary they could see not only the impressive wind turbines at a distance but also the vibrant and sustainable development around the harbor. In fact, the water in the harbor is so clean today that you can enjoy a swim in the harbor when weather permits. Denmark has a strong and a long-standing tradition of taking a holistic approach to urban development, where the concern for the environment, the individuals and businesses go hand in hand. Creating a green and sustainable society is one of the key goals for Denmark. More than 20 per cent of Denmark’s energy already comes from renewable energy, and the goal is to become independent of fossil fuels by 2050. Much of the renewable energy comes from wind turbines, where Denmark is a world leader when it comes to developing new technology. The royal couple and the delegation also had the opportunity to witness Danish cycling culture at first hand when moving around in the city. Copenhagen is world famous for its biking culture and the Danes are well known for their love of cycling. Copenhagen alone has around 400 km of cycle paths, and more than 40 per cent of the capital’s population commute to work by bicycle, come rain or snow. Finding the smart solutions to the challenges towards a sustainable society, using the latest digital technology, was also a main theme for the The Danish-Belgian Business Forum with the participation of around two hundred representatives of Danish and Belgium business. It was a unique opportunity for business from both countries to meet and exchange on different sectorial tracks. Furthermore, the state visit included a visit to the UN City and an academic roundtable focusing on the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The strong representation from different universities in the delegation showed the keen interest in even closer relations between Belgium and Denmark also in the field of research and academia. Several cultural elements marked the stay, including the opening of a Belgian Film Festival and culminating in a concert performed by the National Orchestra of Belgium in the Royal Danish Library, known as the Black Diamond designed by the Danish architectural firm, Schmidt Hammer Lassen Architects. By filling the beautiful rooms of the Black Diamond created by Danish architects with the wonderful music performed by Belgian musicians, this concert was a perfect symbolization of the visit as a whole; the very successful state visit has beyond any doubt brought our two countries closer together and showed the potential for further co-operation and exchanges in the future. —– On the state visit:  Danish Royal House: http://kongehuset.dk/en/news/programme-for-state-visit-from-belgium Belgian Monarchy: https://www.monarchie.be/en/node/18570 Royal Danish Embassy to the Kingdom of Belgium and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (HE Ambassador Louise Bang Jespersen): http://belgien.um.dk/fr/l-ambassade/ Blauw Bloed television: http://www.eo.nl/blauwbloed/aflevering-detail/blauw-bloed-20170401t204500/  

UN et la politique de colonisation Israélienne

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Par Nicolas Boeglin. La résolution 2334 (2016) du Conseil de Sécurité des Nations Unies condamnant la politique de colonisation israélienne: brève mise en perspective. Pour la première fois depuis l´année 1980, le Conseil de Sécurité des Nations Unies a pu adopter, le 23 décembre 2016, une résolution condamnant en des termes extrêmement fermes, les implantations israéliennes en territoire palestinien. Les projets de résolution sur celles-ci présentés pendant ces dernières decennies étaient systématiquement l´objet d´un véto nord américain, permettant ainsi aux autorités israéliennes, en toute impunité, de continuer la construction de nouvelles implantations et de procéder à la destruction de maisons habitées par des familles palestiniennes, tant en Cisjordanie que dans les quartiers de Jérusalem-Est. Colonisation israélienne et Conseil de Sécurité: brefs rappels et quelques chiffres Les dernières résolutions du Conseil de Sécurité condamnant ces actions israéliennes datent de l´année 1980 (voir le texte des résolutions 476 et 478). La première fois que l´administration du Président Barack Obama a fait usage de son droit de véto en la matière fut lors de la séance du 18 février 2011: le projet de résolution S/2011/24 contenait dans son dispositif deux paragraphes (1 et 2) condamnant fermement les implantations israéliennes. On lit dans le communiqué de presse des Nations Unies que ce projet de résolution comptait avec l´appui de plus de deux tiers des Etats membres des Nations Unies. La lecture de l´acte de la séance du Conseil de Sécurité S/PV/6484 indique le résultat suivant du vote (voir page 4): 14 votes pour et un contre (Etats Unis). A noter que lorsque l´actuel Premier Ministre israélien ordonna, comme à son habitude, la construction de 3000 nouveaux logements en Cisjordanie et notamment à Jérusalem-Est au mois de novembre 2012, la délégation des États-Unis procéda à une véritable innovation technique au sein du Conseil de Sécurité des Nations Unies: le « veto implicite » (Note 1). Dans un rapport récent daté du 29 décembre 2016, on lit que durant l´année 2016, plus de mille maisons de familles palestiniennes ont été démolies ou saisies: “Le Bureau de la coordination des affaires humanitaires (OCHA) des Nations Unies a annoncé jeudi que 1.089 structures appartenant à des Palestiniens en Cisjordanie, y compris à Jérusalem-Est, ont été démolies ou saisies par les autorités israéliennes durant l’année 2016” (voir note de presse des Nations Unies). Concernant les chiffres de cette colonisation et ses effets pendant plus de 35 ans, lors d´une séance spéciale organisée au mois d´octobre 2016 devant les membres du Conseil de Sécurité (voir note de What´s in Blue), l´activiste nord américaine / israélienne Lara Friedman de l´ONG Americans for Peace Now (APN), entité soeur de l´ONG israélienne Peace Now (voir site officiel) declara haut et fort que: “Twenty-three years ago, in 1993, Israel and the PLO signed the Declaration of Principles, also known as the Oslo Accords. Back then, the settler population in the West Bank, excluding East Jerusalem, was around 116,000. At the end of 2015, that number was nearly 390,000. Looking just at East Jerusalem, in 1993 the Jewish Israeli population was approximately 146,000. Today it is over 210,000. This population explosion could not have occurred without Israeli government support and encouragement, including, most obviously, the approval and construction of new housing. And that is exactly what happened. During this same period, 1993 to today, over 50,000 settlement units were built in the West Bank, and plus thousands more in East Jerusalem. What about settlement construction just under Prime Minister Netanyahu 2016 figures are still not complete, but looking at 2009 to 2015 – which included the so-called “moratorium” – more than 11,000 settlement units were established in the West Bank with the approval of Israeli authorities. And in 2015 alone, we are talking about almost 2000 new units in West Bank settlements” (voir texte de son allocution du 14 Octobre 2016 à Nueva York). Afin de visualiser ces données, nous renvoyons à la carte interactive élaborée et constamment actualisée par les membres de APN et de PeaceNow, ainsi qu´aux graphiques interactifs inclus dans cet article du Monde intitulé “Colonies israéliennes en Cisjordanie : près d’un demi-siècle d’installations illégales“. La résolution 2334 (2016): remarques sur certaines de ses dispositions Le texte de la résolution 2334 (2016) (voir texte complet en Français reproduit à la fin de cette note), précise, entre autres, que le Conseil de Sécurité des Nations Unies: ” 1. Réaffirme que la création par Israël de colonies de peuplement dans le Territoire palestinien occupé depuis 1967, y compris Jérusalem-Est, n’a aucun fondement en droit et constitue une violation flagrante du droit international et un obstacle majeur à la réalisation de la solution des deux États et à l’instauration d’une paix globale, juste et durable; 2. Exige de nouveau d’Israël qu’il arrête immédiatement et complètement toutes ses activités de peuplement dans le Territoire palestinien occupé, y compris Jérusalem-Est, et respecte pleinement toutes les obligations juridiques qui lui incombent à cet égard; 3. Souligne qu’il ne reconnaîtra aucune modification aux frontières du 4 juin 1967, y compris en ce qui concerne Jérusalem, autres que celles convenues par les parties par la voie de négociations”. Le point 11 du dispositif indique que le Conseil de Sécurité n´est pas dupe, et connaît fort bien l´attitude des autorités israéliennes au regard du droit international et des résolutions émanant des Nations Unies. On notera que pendant ces dernières années, chaque victoire diplomatique palestinienne a été répondue par de nouvelles implantations israéliennes: parmi une liste d´exemples, on peut citer le fait qu´au lendemain du vote du 29 novembre 2012 de l´Assemblée Générale des Nations Unies reconnaissant à la Palestine le statut d´”Etat Non Membre Observateur“. (Note 2) les autorités israéliennes répliquaient avec la construction de 3000 nouveaux logements (voir note de la BBC); la ratification par la Palestine de 20 traités internationaux au mois d´avril 2014 signifia la contruction de 708 nouveaux logements et la destruction de 32 maisons habitées par des familles palestiniennes (voir note de Human Rights Watch). Prévoyant, on lit que le Conseil de Sécurité: “11. Réaffirme qu’il est résolu à examiner les moyens concrets de faire pleinement appliquer ses résolutions sur la question“. On fera noter qu´une résolution du Conseil de Sécurité indiquant qu´il est cette fois “résolu” à la faire appliquer devrait freiner les autorités israéliennes si celles-ci comprennent le ton du message. A ce propos, nous invitons nos lecteurs-chercheurs à partir à la recherche de toute autre résolution du Conseil de Sécurité utilisant l´expression du point 11 du dispositif de la résolution 2334 (2016): une recherche rapide sur la toile renvoit constamment à cette seule résolution, mais le doute est permis. On notera également au passage le considérant 5 de la résolution 2334 mentionnant les diverses formes et stratégies de la colonisation israélienne, réalisée en dépit des résolutions adoptées par le Conseil de Sécurité dans les années 70 et 80, et des normes internationales en vigueur, et notamment celles prévues par le droit international humanitaire concernant les obligations qui incombent à toute puissance occupante. Il s´agit d´un chapitre du droit international public qu´Israël souhaiterait ne pas à avoir à appliquer dans les territoires palestiniens occupés, et qui fut, fin 2014, l´objet de vives tensions avec la Suisse (Note 3). Ce considérant 5 se lit comme suit: “Condamnant toutes les mesures visant à modifier la composition démographique, le caractère et le statut du Territoire palestinien occupé depuis 1967, y compris Jérusalem-Est, notamment la construction et l’expansion de colonies de peuplement, le transfert de colons israéliens, la confiscation de terres, la destruction de maisons et le déplacement de civils palestiniens, en violation du droit international humanitaire et des résolutions pertinentes“. Enfin, dans une étude récente d´un fin observateur sur les mots utilisés dans cette résolution, on lit que l´absence d´un “s” est particulièrement significative par rapport aux résolutions antérieures adoptées: ” What is also particularly striking is that Security Council resolution 2334 (2016), when addressing the legal status of the West Bank and East-Jerusalem, does not refer anymore to the occupied “Palestinian territories” in the plural but, like other organs of the United Nations beforehand, instead now also rather refers to the occupied “Palestinian territory” in the singular (“du territoire Palestinien” respectivly ‘le territoire palestinien” in the French text). This in turn presupposes that, while obviously not amounting to a recognition of a state, the Security Council hereby has taken the position that there exists at least a Palestinian entity with a defined ‘territory’ rather than merely some ‘Palestinian territories’ ” (cf. ZIMMERMANN A., “Security Council Resolution 2334 (2016) and its Legal Repercussions Revisited“, EJIL Talk, 20/01/2017, article disponible ici). Une résolution à bien des égards historique On peut dire que ce texte est historique, dans la mesure où l´application du droit international en Cisjordanie et à Jérusalem-Est est réaffirmé par le Conseil de Sécurité: depuis de trop longues decennies, une impunité totale était garantie aux autorités israéliennes, en raison d´un véto américain placé en mode automatique sur tout projet de résolution condamnant cette colonisation. La mise en garde que traduit le paragraphe 11 du dispositif devrait en outre calmer les appétits de certains décideurs politiques israéliens. Conscient du caractère unique de cette résolution durant sa gestion aux Nations Unies et bien avant, le Secrétaire Général des Nations Unies sortant, quelques minutes après le vote du texte, affirma dans un communiqué de presse que: “ The Secretary-General welcomes the adoption by the Security Council of resolution 2334 (2016) on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question. The resolution is a significant step, demonstrating the Council’s much needed leadership and the international community’s collective efforts to reconfirm that the vision of two States is still achievable. The Secretary-General takes this opportunity to encourage Israeli and Palestinian leaders to work with the international community to create a conducive environment for a return to meaningful negotiations. The United Nations stands ready to support all concerned parties in achieving this goal“. Lors de l´explication de son vote (voir texte complet), le représentant de la France a précisement commencé son allocution en indiquant que: “L’adoption de la résolution 2334 marque un jour important et à bien des égards historique dans l’histoire récente du Conseil de sécurité. Il s’agit en effet de la première résolution adoptée par ce Conseil sur le règlement du conflit israélo-palestinien depuis huit ans. Et c’est la première fois que le Conseil de sécurité s’exprime ainsi, de manière aussi claire, pour constater ce qui est en réalité une évidence : la colonisation israélienne remet en cause, petit à petit, les chances de voir bâtir un Etat palestinien viable et indépendant, vivant côte à côte dans la paix et la sécurité avec l’Etat d’Israël“. De quelques détails concernant les jours antérieurs au vote L´adoption de cette résolution se doit à l´abstention des Etats-Unis, qui cette fois, ont renoncé à faire usage de leur droit de véto, et le résultat final du vote est de 14 votes pour et une abstention (Etats-Unis). A noter le volte-face de l´Egypte qui, suite à des appels téléphoniques personnels pressants de Donald Trump sur demande d´Israël, retira le texte, sans prévoir que quatre autres Etats Membres, à savoir la Malaisie, la Nouvelle Zélande, le Sénégal et le Vénézuela, étaient prêts (et fort décidés) à présenter le même texte quelques heures plus tard en vue de son adoption définitive. Ce tour de passe-passe imprévu laisse évidemment l´Egypte dans une situation quelque peu embarassante au sein de la communauté des Etats arabes: comme on le sait, Donald Trump avait proposé de transférer à Jérusalem l´Ambassade des Etats Unis (voir sur ce point l´analyse publiée récemment dans Foreign Policy intitulée: “Want a third Intifada ? Go ahead and move the US Embassy to Jerusalem“). Dans un discours du 6 janvier 2017 donné par les autorités palestiniennes (voir note de presse), il est fait mention de ce tranfert comme une véritable “ligne rouge”. Plus généralement, on peut dire que le fait d´accéder aux demandes d´un Président élu place le Chef d´Etat égyptien dans une situation singulière vis-à-vis de la communauté internationale en tant que telle: rarement un Etat a cédé aux appels et aux exigences d´un Président élu. Au plan international, celui-ci ne bénéficie d´aucun statut particulier et n´engage rien d´autre que sa personne. On peut même avancer l´idée qu´il s´agit d´une véritable première mondiale de la part des diplomates israéliens et de leurs homologues égyptiens. Photo publiée dans cet article, Le Monde On a pu lire dans Le Monde (voir note) que: “A l’origine, le texte avait été présenté mercredi soir par l’Egypte, à la surprise générale. Mais Donald Trump est intervenu pour peser de tout son poids de président élu auprès d’Abdel Fattah Al-Sissi. Il a demandé au président égyptien de renoncer à son initiative. Son interlocuteur n’a pas voulu compromettre ses futures relations avec le président américain, et a donc retiré son texte. Mais le volte-face de l’Egypte n’a pas condamné son initiative. Quatre membres non permanents du Conseil de sécurité – la Nouvelle-Zélande, la Malaisie, le Sénégal et le Venezuela – ont pris le relais du Caire, pour promouvoir la résolution dans une version identique. Vendredi dans l’après-midi, des responsables israéliens sous couvert d’anonymat exprimaient leur amertume – et une certaine panique – dans les médias, en affirmant que Barack Obama et John Kerry se trouvaient derrière ce « coup honteux » et qu’ils « abandonnaient » Israël”. Des autorités israéliennes un brin exaspérées A peine adoptée la résolution 2334, les autorités israéliennes ont déclaré par la voix de leur Premier Ministre (et sans jamais faire référence aux implantations illégales) qu´un accord tacite avec les Etats-Unis avait été violé par le Président Barack Obama: ” Tous les présidents américains depuis Carter ont respecté l’engagement américain d’essayer de ne pas dicter les termes d’un accord permanent à Israël devant le Conseil de sécurité. Et hier [vendredi], en opposition totale avec cet engagement, et avec une déclaration explicite du président [Barack] Obama lui-même en 2011, l’administration Obama a mené un complot anti-Israël honteux aux Nations Unies” (voir note du Times of Israel reproduisant le texte de la déclaration). On ignore si le fait de consentir à des implantations illégales dans les territoires palestiniens occupés faisait également partie dudit accord. Comme prévu, depuis l´adoption de la résolution 2334 (2016), les représailles israéliennes vont bon train (rappel d´ambassadeurs, déclarations officielles tous azimuts contre les Nations Unies et les membres du Conseil de Sécurité, suspension de programmes de coopération bilatéraux, etc). Le Sénégal a simplement “pris note” de la notification officielle israélienne en date du 27 décembre (voir note de presse) et le texte du communiqué officiel sénégalais reproduit ici. En ce qui concerne la Nouvelle Zélande, la “déclaration de guerre” mentionnée par le Premier Ministre israélien lors d´un entretien téléphonique avec le ministre des Affaires étrangères néo-zélandais, Murray Mccully (entretien antérieur au vote) ne semble pas avoir grandement ému ses autorités (voir note de Haaretz). L´Angola pour sa part, attend une note verbale israélienne (voir note de presse) et on ignore si l´Egypte (ayant finalement voté en faveur du texte) fera l´objet d´un traitement similaire de la part de la diplomatie israélienne. Pour ce qui est de l´Espagne, qui présidait la séance du Conseil de Sécurité lors de l´adoption du texte (et qui n´a pas accédé aux demandes pressantes d´ajourner le vote), on apprend qu´elle ne subira aucune mesure de rétorsion (voir note de presse). On laisse aux spécialistes le soin d´expliquer la raison exacte pour laquelle l´Espagne, qui fut le premier Etat à célébrer l´adoption de cette résolution, avant même sa date (voir communiqué officiel en date du … 22 décembre 2016) ne fait l´objet d´aucune mesure de rétorsion de la part d´Israël. Ce traitement différencié pour l´Espagne avait déjà été vérifié lors du vote de son Congrès exigeant au Pouvoir Exécutif la reconnaissance de la Palestine comme Etat, au mois de novembre 2014. (Note 4): notons au passage que, malgré un vote sans appel (319 votes pour, une abstention et deux votes contre), l Exécutif espagnol n´a toujours pas procédé à cette reconnaissance. Sur ces détails de forme et quelques autres, tels que les vétos nord-américains antérieurs, la véritable course contre la montre de Donald Trump agissant en tant qu´émissaire israélien, la réaction israélienne une fois adoptée la résolution 2334, et les déclarations tonitruantes habituelles de ses diplomates, nous renvoyons à notre analyse intitulée “Consejo de Seguridad condena colonización israelí en Cisjordania y en Jerusalén Oriental“(Note 5). Remarques finales en guise de conclusion Il va sans dire que ce texte est historique, car, d’une certaine façon, il réconcilie le Conseil de Sécurité avec le droit international et son application en Cisjordanie et à Jérusalem-Est: il l´est aussi pour ceux qui enseignent le droit international depuis longtemps, et qui peinent souvent à expliquer qu´un Etat semble placé au dessus des normes juridiques internationales, bénéficiant, et ce depuis de longues decennies, d´une impunité totale au sein du Conseil de Sécurité en raison d´un véto automatique américain tout à fait légal. Plus de 35 ans après sa publication, et après bien d’autres actions menées depuis 1981 par Israël, la conclusion du Professeur Georges Fischer reste toujours d´une surprenante actualité: « /… / on demeure surpris qu’un petit pays puisse régulièrement et avec impunité défier la communauté internationale et les règles du droit des gens » (Note 6). Signe de temps difficiles pour Israël? Il semblerait que l´idée, somme toute hardie, de recourrir à Donald Trump exhibe d´abord une certaine panique de la part de la diplomatie israélienne. Ce premier faux-pas peut expliquer que les autorités israéliennes agissent en ce moment quelque peu angoissées (conscientes de la distance qu´elles ont créé avec l´administration sortante du Président Obama, mais peut-être aussi du fait que leurs déclarations officielles fracassantes ne semblent plus impressionner outre mesure). Comme on le sait, ce type de résolution peut intéresser bien des organes aux Nations Unies, que ce soit la Cour Internationale de Justice (CIJ), l´Assemblée Générale, le Conseil de Sécurité, ou encore la Cour Pénale Internationale (CPI) que la Palestine a rejoint en 2015 en ratifiant le Statut de Rome, parmi bien d´autres entités onusiennes. La France, qui prépare pour le 15 janvier 2017 une nouvelle conférence internationale sur le Moyen Orient, devra également inclure cette nouvelle donne que représente la résolution 2334 dans les discussions. Autre difficulté à l´horizon ? A partir de ce premier janvier 2017, la Suède, seul Etat membre à avoir défier l´Union Européenne en 2014 en reconnaissant la Palestine comme Etat (Note 7), a pris les rênes de la Présidence du Conseil de Sécurité aux Nations Unies (alors que Donald Trump ne prend les siens à Washington que 20 jours plus tard). ——-Notes—– Note 1: Dans une analyse du Professeur Weckel publiée dans le Bulletin Sentinelle de janvier 2013, on lit que « Le Conseil de sécurité a consacré une réunion informelle le 19 décembre 2012 aux mesures de relance massive de la colonisation prises par Israël. En quittant inopinément la salle, Madame Susan Rice, Ambassadrice des États-Unis, a fait obstacle à l’adoption d’une résolution ou, du moins, d’une déclaration présidentielle condamnant le comportement d’Israël. Néanmoins, tous les autres 14 membres du Conseil ont fait des déclarations à la presse critiquant la reprise de la colonisation. Même si l’absence d’un membre permanent n’équivaut pas à un veto, ce départ de la représentante américaine a bloqué l’issue de la réunion. Seuls en face des autres membres du Conseil, les États-Unis ne voulaient se prononcer au sein de cet organe, ni pour une condamnation d’Israël, ni contre, ni même s’abstenir. Les autres membres n’ont visiblement pas l’intention de les laisser sur la touche et le résultat est bien là : le Conseil de sécurité est paralysé, comme l’est d’ailleurs aussi le Quatuor. Les États-Unis ont donc inventé le veto implicite sinon de poche au Conseil de sécurité ». Cf. WECKEL Ph., « Israël, les États-Unis inventent le veto implicite au Conseil de Sécurité », Sentinelle, Société Française pour le Droit International (SFDI), janvier 2013. Texte diponible ici. Note 2: Sur la portée de ce vote, cf. SALMON J., “La qualité d’État de la Palestine“, Revue Belge de Droit International, 2012-1. Article complet disponible ici. Pour une analyse depuis la perspective latinoaméricaine, cf. BOEGLIN N., “Le nouveau Statut de membre la Palestine: une perspective latinoaméricaine“, publiée par l´Observatoire Politique de l’Amérique latine et des Caraïbes (OPALC), Sciences-Po /Paris, décembre 2012. Texte disponible ici. Note 3: Cf. notre analyse, BOEGLIN N., “Pressions et menaces récentes d´Israël sur la Suisse : brève mise en perspective“, Bulletin Sentinelle, Société Française pour le Droit International (SFDI), janvier 2015. Texte diponible ici. Note 4: “Por su parte, la reacción de Israel ha sido extremadamente cauta con las autoridades de España. Es posible que Israel esté ponderando el efecto que puedan tener sus declaraciones en la dinámica muy peculiar que generan los círculos parlamentarios en Europa (con incluso posibles ramificaciones fuera del viejo continente)“: cf. notre analyse, BOEGLIN N., “El Congreso de España y el reconocimiento de Palestina como Estado: balance y perspectivas“, Debate Global, Academia Colombiana de Derecho Internacional, décembre 2014. Texte disponible ici. Note 5: Celle-ci a été publiée sur divers sites en espagnol, tels que Ius360 le 28 décembre 2016 (texte en disponible ici). Une version préliminaire a aussi été publiée le 26 décembre dans Middle East Monitor, disponible ici. Note 6: Cf. FISCHER G., “Le bombardement par Israël d’un réacteur nucléaire irakien“, Vol. 27 Annuaire Français de Droit International (AFDI), 1981, pp. 147-167, et en particulier pp. 162-166. Article complet disponible ici. Note 7: Cf. notre étude: BOEGLIN N., “Le défi lancé par la Suède concernant la reconnaissance de la Palestine“, Grotius International, janvier 2015. Texte disponible ici. Afin de donner un idée des suites données aux gesticulations israéliennes, nous nous permettons de reproduire la conclusion: “Le défi lancé par la Suède a relancé de manière notoire le débat dans plusieurs États européens : durant ces derniers jours, la discussion en France sur la reconnaissance de la Palestine s’est considérablement intensifiée et elle s’est étendue à bien d’autres membres de l’Union Européenne, tels la Belgique, le Luxembourg, le Danemark pour ne citer que quelques pays. Cette discussion devrait tenir compte, parmi d’autres éléments, de l’absence de réaction significative israélienne au geste suédois: l’ambassadeur israélien rappelé par ses supérieurs le 30 octobre est de retour dans son bureau depuis le vendredi 28 novembre, selon une note de presse. Ce retour s’est fait sans que l’on comprenne bien quel fut le geste hostile ou offensif de la Suède l’obligeant à quitter la capitale suédoise pour y revenir officiellement en « signe de paix ». Texte de la Résolution 2334 (2016) Adoptée par le Conseil de sécurité à sa 7853e séance, le 23 décembre 2016 Le Conseil de sécurité, Rappelant ses résolutions sur la question, notamment les résolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 446 (1979), 452 (1979), 465 (1980), 476 (1980), 478 (1980), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003) et 1850 (2008), Guidé par les buts et principes énoncés dans la Charte des Nations Unies et rappelant notamment que l’acquisition de territoire par la force est inadmissible, Réaffirmant qu’Israël, Puissance occupante, est tenu de respecter scrupuleusement ses obligations et responsabilités juridiques découlant de la quatrième Convention de Genève relative à la protection des personnes civiles en temps de guerre, en date du 12 août 1949, et rappelant l’avis consultatif rendu le 9 juillet 2004 par la Cour internationale de Justice, Condamnant toutes les mesures visant à modifier la composition démographique, le caractère et le statut du Territoire palestinien occupé depuis 1967, y compris Jérusalem-Est, notamment la construction et l’expansion de colonies de peuplement, le transfert de colons israéliens, la confiscation de terres, la destruction de maisons et le déplacement de civils palestiniens, en violation du droit international humanitaire et des résolutions pertinentes, Constatant avec une vive préoccupation que la poursuite des activités de peuplement israéliennes met gravement en péril la viabilité de la solution des deux États fondée sur les frontières de 1967, Rappelant l’obligation faite à Israël dans la Feuille de route du Quatuor et approuvée par sa résolution 1515 (2003) de geler toutes ses activités de peuplement, y compris par « croissance naturelle », et de démanteler tous les avant-postes de colonie établis depuis mars 2001, Rappelant également l’obligation faite aux forces de sécurité de l’Autorité palestinienne dans la Feuille de route du Quatuor de continuer de mener des opérations efficaces en vue de s’attaquer à tous ceux qui se livrent à des activités terroristes et de démanteler les moyens des terroristes, notamment en confisquant les armes illégales, Condamnant tous les actes de violence visant des civils, y compris les actes de terreur, ainsi que tous les actes de provocation, d’incitation à la violence et de destruction, Réitérant sa vision d’une région où deux États démocratiques, Israël et la Palestine, vivent côte à côte, en paix, à l’intérieur de frontières sûres et reconnues, Soulignant que le statu quo n’est pas viable et que des mesures importantes,compatibles avec le processus de transition prévu dans les accords antérieurs, doivent être prises de toute urgence en vue de i) stabiliser la situation et inverser les tendances négatives sur le terrain, qui ne cessent de fragiliser la solution des deux États et d’imposer dans les faits la réalité d’un seul État, et de ii) créer les conditions qui permettraient d’assurer le succès des négociations sur le statut final et de faire progresser la solution des deux États par la voie de négociations et sur le terrain, 1. Réaffirme que la création par Israël de colonies de peuplement dans le Territoire palestinien occupé depuis 1967, y compris Jérusalem-Est, n’a aucun fondement en droit et constitue une violation flagrante du droit international et un obstacle majeur à la réalisation de la solution des deux États et à l’instauration d’une paix globale, juste et durable; 2. Exige de nouveau d’Israël qu’il arrête immédiatement et complètement toutes ses activités de peuplement dans le Territoire palestinien occupé, y compris Jérusalem-Est, et respecte pleinement toutes les obligations juridiques qui lui incombent à cet égard; 3. Souligne qu’il ne reconnaîtra aucune modification aux frontières du 4 juin 1967, y compris en ce qui concerne Jérusalem, autres que celles convenues par les parties par la voie de négociations; 4. Souligne qu’il est essentiel qu’Israël mette un terme à toutes ses activités de peuplement pour préserver la solution des deux États, et demande l’adoption immédiate de mesures énergiques afin d’inverser les tendances négatives sur le terrain, qui mettent en péril la solution des deux États; 5. Demande à tous les États, compte tenu du paragraphe 1 de la présente résolution, de faire une distinction, dans leurs échanges en la matière, entre le territoire de l’État d’Israël et les territoires occupés depuis 1967; 6. Demande que des mesures immédiates soient prises pour prévenir tous les actes de violence visant des civils, y compris les actes de terreur, ainsi que tous les actes de provocation et de destruction, demande que les auteurs de tels actes en répondent, et appelle au respect des obligations qu’impose le droit international de renforcer l’action menée pour lutter contre le terrorisme, notamment par la coordination en matière de sécurité, et de condamner sans équivoque tous les actes de terrorisme; 7. Demande aux deux parties d’agir dans le respect du droit international, notamment du droit international humanitaire, et des accords et des obligations qu’elles ont précédemment contractés, de faire preuve de calme et de retenue et de s’abstenir de tout acte de provocation et d’incitation à la violence et de toute déclaration incendiaire, dans le but, notamment, de désamorcer la situation sur le terrain, de rétablir la confiance, de montrer, par leurs politiques et leurs actes, un véritable attachement à la solution des deux États et de créer les conditions nécessaires à la promotion de la paix; 8. Invite toutes les parties à continuer, dans l’intérêt de la promotion de la paix et de la sécurité, de déployer collectivement des efforts pour engager des négociations crédibles sur toutes les questions relatives au statut final dans le cadre du processus de paix au Moyen-Orient et selon le calendrier établi par le Quatuor dans sa déclaration du 21 septembre 2010; 9. Préconise vivement à cet égard l’intensification et l’accélération des efforts diplomatiques entrepris et de l’appui apporté aux niveaux international et régional en vue de parvenir sans tarder à une paix globale, juste et durable au Moyen-Orient, sur la base des résolutions pertinentes de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, du mandat de la conférence de Madrid, y compris le principe de l’échange de territoires contre la paix, de l’Initiative de paix arabe et de la Feuille de route du Quatuor, et de mettre fin à l’occupation israélienne qui a commencé en 1967, et souligne à cet égard l’importance que revêtent les efforts déployés pour faire avancer l’Initiative de paix arabe, l’initiative prise par la France de convoquer une conférence de paix internationale, les efforts récemment entrepris par le Quatuor ainsi que ceux déployés par l’Égypte et la Fédération de Russie; 10. Rappelle qu’il est déterminé à apporter son appui aux parties tout au long des négociations et dans la mise en œuvre d’un accord; 11. Réaffirme qu’il est résolu à examiner les moyens concrets de faire pleinement appliquer ses résolutions sur la question; 12. Prie le Secrétaire général de lui faire rapport tous les trois mois sur la mise en œuvre des dispositions de la présente résolution; 13. Décide de demeurer saisi de la question. ———— Publicado por Curso de Derecho Internacional. Costa Rica en 14:47 Nicolas Boeglin is a Professor of International Law, Law Faculty, University of Costa Rica.  

Hospitality in diplomacy

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By Dr. Huub Ruël. Diplomacy is about dialogue and acknowledging the other as a partner. It is the lifeline of peaceful co-existence between nations, cities, regions, friends or foes. In today’s international order, diplomats are working hard because nationalism is spreading in many countries, beyond the nations and regions that are well-known for it. For example, the governments of countries such as Russia, China or Turkey have been feeding their citizens nationalist rhetoric via state-owned media for a long time. But recently, nationalism has been on the rise in the Western world, Europe, Australia and North America. Nationalism feeds the antipathy for neighbouring countries and that can be responsible for creating a tense relationship between them. Examples of this are all around and can be most easily observed between major powers such as the United States and Russia or between the United States and China, but also between the Netherlands or Germany and Turkey. Diplomats have a hard job to interpret and soften the language politicians and heads of state use towards their host countries. Much diplomatic communication is associated with etiquette, with explicit but also many implicit rules. The ‘traditional’ diplomat is usually raised and educated in an environment where these rules are paramount. But despite ‘traditional’ diplomatic skills still being key in diplomacy, there is an emerging trend that requires more than them, and that is hospitality.  The ‘traditional’ diplomat mostly communicates with fellow diplomats. In the current and future international arena, a diplomat needs to be much more than just the eyes and the ears of her or his home country’s government in a foreign nation. The new diplomats need to be service-oriented and interact with a wide range of actors, such as the business community, citizens, traditional and social media, NGOs and interest groups. They need to be able to be pro-active, always on the alert, a qualified expert with a service orientation towards the different actors. All this comes together in a key competence for the new diplomat, namely hospitality. Having the right knowledge and being aware of the diplomatic interaction etiquette is one thing, having a hospitable attitude is another. Hospitality as a competence is about being able to be open minded, welcoming, serving and truly interested in people. It is about being able to give others that comfortable feeling that you can be trusted, that integrity is the highest value, and service a natural part of life. It opens doors that otherwise will stay closed or even unnoticed. It grants authority and is essentially the most powerful skill in interpersonal relationship building. It builds bridges to overcome differences in views and opinions. The successful new diplomat needs to able to operate in an international arena with many different stakeholders, which is extremely politically sensitive. But the new diplomat is able to understand how hospitality is key above all. The web of stakes in the international arena is becoming more and more complex. Rather than relying on the assumption that authority comes with the status of being a diplomat, it is the competence to truly connect with people and stakeholders of all sorts and minds that makes the new diplomat more successful. Hospitality as a competence can be trained to a certain extent, which is the good news. When combined with personality traits like open-mindedness and feeling comfortable in the presence of others who are different from yourself, it makes it easier to become the truly hospitable new diplomat. ——- About the author: Dr. Huub Ruël, Phd, is a Professor of International Hospitality Business at Hotelschool The Hague/The Hague Hospitality Business School.

Facing the Trump Presidency – Will the Monroe doctrine finally die?

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By Nicola Bilotta. Due to Donald Trump’s victory in the Presidential election this November North American foreign policy will experience radical changes. The new government creates hopes and fears. On the one hand, there is hope cooperation with Russia will be improved. On the other hand, peace dialogues with Iran are expected to worsen. However, international geopolitical equilibrium will have a different settlement. The US has always influenced South American political history due to its geographical proximity and its economic interests. So how will Latin America be affected by Trump’s foreign policy? Hilary Clinton was supposed to continue Obama’s political strategy in the continent. But which heritage did Obama leave in South America? Obama’s inheritance During the 2008 Presidential campaign, Barack Obama became famous worldwide because of his charm and great oratory skills. In his electoral platform there was a message of cooperation and peace to all Latin American governments. Obama’s victory thus was celebrated by leftist Presidents in the entire continent. Lula – the former Brazilian President from 2002 to 2011 – said that Barack’s election was a historical moment for the world, “In the same way that Brazil elected a metalworker (Lula himself), Bolivia an aboriginal (Evo Morales), Venezuela a (Hugo) Chavez and Paraguay a bishop (Fernando Lugo), I believe it will be an extraordinary thing if in the biggest economy in the world a black person (Barack Obama) is elected president.” Also Chavez was optimistic about improving Venezuelan cooperation with the US. Obama promised to improve North American partnership with South America based on multilateralism. But the opportunity to repair the relationship between Latin American countries and the US was already lost in 2009. In June 2009, the elected President of Honduras Manuel Zaleya was overthrown by a military coup. The US foreign office considered Zaleya as a dangerous leftist leader. Even though the OAS (Organization of American States) expelled Honduras after their break of constitutional order, Hilary Clinton, secretary state at the time, and President Obama pushed for new elections rather than asking for the return of Zaleya, the democratically elected President. US government immediately recognized the legitimacy of the new Lobio government in Honduras and it pressured other Latin countries to do the same. Clinton, when talking about Honduras coup, said “Now I didn’t like the way it looked or the way they did it, but they had a strong argument that they had followed the constitution and the legal precedents.”[1] However, Hugo Llorens, the US ambassador in Honduras stated “Zelaya may have committed illegalities but there is no doubt that the military, supreme court and National Congress conspired on June 28 in what constituted an illegal and unconstitutional coup against the executive branch.”[2] Obama’s strategy in Honduras thus worsened the US relationship with Brazil and with all leftist parties in South America. Furthermore, the Colombian and US government signed an agreement on military cooperation in 2009 without consulting any other Latin American countries. American and Colombian economic and military alliance finds its roots since the 1990 with Plan for Colombia establishment. Former President Bill Clinton approved a massive military and economic aid initiative to fund Colombian struggle against drug cartels and left-wing insurgent groups. The aim of the plan was to supply Colombia with military training and military technologies to contrast violence in the country. The flow of money from the US government to Colombia has not stopped since then. Former President G.W. Bush and Obama maintained Plan for Colombia. According to the US Foreign Office, in 2012 the US allocated 644.304.766$ in Colombia. Breaking down the aid, we discover that 446.552.148$ were funds for military and security help. The tight relationship between the two countries is confirmed by the trade deal signed in 2011. Besides chief architect and broker that of Cuba, Obama was a strong sponsor of the peace dialogue between the FARC and Santos government. He even promised to increase American economic aid to Colombia totalling 450 million of dollars. Even though Obama was not personally involved in the discussion of the peace agreement in Colombia, he has started a process of normalization with Cuba. The US and Cuba has not had diplomatic relations since the 1960s. After the communist revolution in the country, the US imposed a trade embargo against Cuba. Obama’s plan was to improve Cuban and American relations by reviewing Cuba as a state sponsor of terrorism and by ending the economic embargo. After formal talks, American Congress will be called to vote for the official revocation of the embargo. The new course, however, was not just due to Obama’s effort. The role of the former Pope Benedict XVI and Pope Francis was fundamental to foster peace between the two countries. Regardless the fact that it was a multilateral effort, the improvement of Cuban and American relations has been the most considerable heritage of Obama’s presidency in South America. Obama has not been able to improve the precarious diplomatic relationship whit Venezuela and Ecuador. Even if the US is the largest trading partner of Venezuela, US governments have not sent Ambassadors to this Latin Am country since 2006. Their diplomatic relations are now extremely tense. Maduro accused US governments of imperialism and of trying to defeat his government in Venezuela, while American diplomacy denounced human rights violations against Maduro’s adversaries. The latter, instead, declared US Ambassador Persona non-grata in 2011 in response to the release of secret documents in which US diplomatists accused Ecuadorian President Correa to be corrupted. In the last months of 2015 Ecuador and the US re-established diplomatic relations. However, there is still a considerable tension between them. Guillaume Long, Ecuadorian foreign minister, said that he wanted to cooperate with the US but American governments needed to not interfere with internal political decisions in South America. In the last eight years Brazilian and American relations have been problematic. After the disclosure of NSA secret reports on Brazil, former Brazilian President Dilma cancelled her official state visit in 2014. NSA was spying the conversations of top Brazilian managers and politics, even Dilma was recorded during her private calls. It appears, at least, unusual that US secret services were spying the establishment of a country which is a stable democracy and an American ally for the last thirty years. Obama’s presidency had tense diplomatic relations also with Argentina and her former President Kirchner. Specifically, their conflict was about Argentinian default in 2014. American hedge funds, which bought cheap Argentinian bonds in 2001, were asking for a full pay out that Kirchner refused to provide. Interestingly, both, Dilma and Kirchner, found themselves at the centre of scandals the last year. The former was indirectly involved in Petrobas investigation, the latter was accused to have covered Iranian responsibility on the terroristic attack which killed 84 people in Buenos Aires in 1994. With their defeat, Latin America is going through the end of the leftist season. The new Argentinian President, Mauricio Macri, has already endorsed his priority to mend relations with investors and big foreign groups. The new Brazilian President, Michel Temer, has already approved liberalizations on natural resources exploitation which will attract foreign investors in Brazil. The new courses in Brazil and Argentina seem to find North American support. Actually, Macri and Temer will be aiming to improve Argentinian and Brazilian economic and diplomatic cooperation with the US. Eight years of Obama’s presidency has left lights and shadows. On the one hand, he fostered normalization with Cuba and he played an important role in FARC’s and the Colombian government’s peace agreement. On the other hand, he was not able to radically change American relations with Latin countries. Obama promised to establish multilateral relations with South American countries failed. It cannot be identified a turning point in how Obama’s governments interfere with internal political affairs of Latin countries. Trump, uncertainty of US future Trump has promised to radically change US foreign policy. However, it is unclear how he will do so. During his presidential campaign, he contradicted himself several times. Trump said that he would reduce America’s intervention in the world. First of all, Trump’s disengagement will alter US commitment to international organizations. NATO and the defence agreements with Japan and South Korea could experience a decrease of US military and financial dedication. In addition, the relationships with China and Iran seem to be critical factors in the international equilibrium. Trump criticized Obama’s the Nuclear Deal with Iran, he could run away from the agreement and re-impose sanctions. His proposal to impose a 45% tariff on Chinese import would start an economic conflict with the Chinese government. The South American continent does not seem to be a priority in the new President’s agenda. Three main topics on Latin America dominated his electoral campaign:
  • According to Pew Hispanic Center, in 2014 there were 11. 7 million Mexican immigrants residing in the US and 6.5 million of them would be illegally living in the country. So when he promised that 11 million illegal immigrants would be deported, it was clear whom he was referring to. Trump even claimed that he would force the Mexican government to build a wall on the border between the US and Mexico. His economic plan for “making America great again” claimed to bring back manufacturing factories to the US. Trump said he would overtax North American companies which produce in Mexico. After having described Mexican immigrants as drug dealers, criminals and rapists, in August 2016 Trump officially met Mexican President Nieto. But there were no significant results from their conversation. Actually, while Trump said Niento agreed to pay for a wall on the border, the Mexican President posted a tweet to contradict Trump’s claim
 
  • Trump is one of the few Republican leaders that support the process of normalizing relations between Cuba and the US. The President-elected is said to agree with the “Cuban Thaw”, however, he argues that the US could have made a better deal. In this case, uncertainty about the future of Cuba-US relations is driven by the fact that the majority of the Republic party does not support the normalization of Cuban and North American relations.
 
  • Even thought Nicholas Maduro, President of Venezuela, recently stated to hope for improving his relations with the US in Trump presidency, few days ago he called Trump a bandit. During his campaign, Trump was not friendly to Maduro, he said that “Venezuelans are good people, but they have been horribly damaged by the socialists in Venezuela and the next president of the United States must show solidarity with all the oppressed people in the hemisphere.”[3] Even if Trump does not believe in “exporting democracy”, it is unclear how he will work to improve US relations with Venezuela.
It is not clear what Trump’s presidency will mean for American and Latin countries relations, Trump is still a mystery. Obama’s presidency instead was an unsuccessful hope that the US would have been able to establish multilateral forms of cooperation with Latin American countries. ————————– Nicola Bilotta has a BA and a MA in History from Università degli Studi di Milano and a MSc in Economic History from the London School of Economics. He works as a Global Finance Research Assistant at The Banker (Financial Times) and collaborates as an external researcher at ISAG (Istituto di Alti Studi di Geopolitica e Scienze Ausiliari). N.bilotta@lse.ac.uk [1] N. Lakhani, Did Hillary Clinton stand by as Honduras coup ushered in era of violence?, The Guardian 31/08/2016 [2] N. Lakhani, Did Hillary Clinton stand by as Honduras coup ushered in era of violence?, The Guardian 31/08/2016 [3] [3] M. E. Jorge, Venezuela expectant as to how Trump will address Chavismo and country’s crisis, Fow New Latino 18/11/2016  

Greece and the EU celebrating a special day

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This year’s March 25th is a day to remember both for Greece and for Europe
By H.E. Eleftheria Galathianaki, Ambassador of Greece to the Kingdom of Belgium.  Greece’s national day, on March 25th, commemorates the Greek Revolution for Independence (1821). In 2017, this date coincides with the 60-year anniversary of the Rome Treaty, the birth of the European Union, as well as the embodiment of its founding values of peace, liberty, democracy and solidarity. It is therefore a date of double importance for the Greek people, as we celebrate the values that we fought for two centuries ago and share with our EU partners today. Furthermore, EU member-states face common challenges and share common aspirations, working together, not only in the context of the EU, but also bilaterally, on the basis of our common values. As the President of the Hellenic Republic, Mr. Prokopios Pavlopoulos, has stated: ”We, the Greeks, are paying a heavy financial and social price, but we persevere and fulfil our obligations to remain part of the EU project”. I have the honour to represent Greece in Belgium, one of the founding EU member-states; therefore I could not but emphasize the importance of our common European destiny. In these difficult times, with the multitude of challenges the EU is facing, such as Brexit and the ongoing refugee and migrant crisis, we should protect and promote the achievements of our Union. Of course, differences do and will continue to exist, but we should allow them neither to conceal the reality of our successes, nor to mislead our peoples. In this context, ensuring continued solidarity between our nations is of primary importance. Confronted with the immense challenge of the refugee/migration flows and a concurrent economic crisis, Greece has had to make huge sacrifices, in order to fulfil its commitments. Furthermore, the Greek people have paid a heavy financial and social price, to safeguard our position in the hard core of the EU. I trust that in the light of the upcoming 60th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome, the EU will reaffirm and further enhance the principles having shaped Europe during these last decades. They are the same ideas still defining our common future: belief in our shared values, solidarity, cooperation and, finally, a common vision for our continent as a beacon of peace, liberty and prosperity for all. ———- Photography by Othodoxia.be