violations of international humanitarian law are committed by all belligerents and Russia’s warfare on Ukraine is shedding further light on the need to protect civilians in the context of intensified urban warfare. In Ukraine, overtaking cities is of strategic value for Russia and is part of their warfare tactics. The terrain thus becomes very complex with the inevitable proximity of the military with the civilian population.
Francesca Andreini is an Italian diplomatic spouse and a writer, she has managed to define her role into the diplomatic world and find her own path, while accompanying her husband.
The trade preferences through the Most-Favoured Nation remains one of international trade law’s core principles but it is changing due to recent events in Ukraine, with several states revoking MFN as a sanctioning tool.
In the short run, the world will face severe shortages, and Russia will get more money for less oil and gas. Starting in very few years, however, the demand for fossil fuels will go down sharply.
Constitutional guarantees of human rights across the spectrum of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, and the mandating of courts and national human rights institutions to protect those rights, are vital steps in promoting a human rights culture.
