Last President of the Permanent Court of International Justice – First President of the International Court of Justice
In the annals of Salvadoran diplomacy, one name stands out as a beacon of integrity, wisdom, and commitment to justice: Dr. José Gustavo Guerrero. Sixty-five years after his passing, diplomatic representatives from the diplomatic community, family members, junior and senior diplomats gathered in the house of the Salvadoran Diplomacy to pay homage to a man whose life’s work continues to inspire us to strive for peace and international justice. Madam Minister of Foreign Affairs, Alexandra Hill Tinoco stated that Dr. Guerrero’s legacy is not merely a historical footnote; it is a guiding light for present and future diplomats, both in El Salvador and beyond.
Born in San Salvador in 1876, Dr. Guerrero’s journey began with a steadfast adherence to his values. Even in his youth, he displayed remarkable leadership, co-founding a student newspaper that fearlessly tackled prevailing economic concerns—a testament to his commitment to doing what was right from an early age. This courage and conviction would characterize his entire career.
Dr. Guerrero’s diplomatic odyssey commenced in 1902 when he was appointed as Consul of El Salvador in Bordeaux, marking the beginning of a distinguished trajectory. From Italy to Washington DC, and later as Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to France, Spain, and Italy, he navigated the turbulent waters of early 20th-century geopolitics with grace and diplomacy.
In an era marked by rising nationalism and imperialism, Dr. Guerrero’s writings reflected a deep appreciation for the art of diplomacy—a realm where courtesy, restraint, and mutual respect were paramount. His experiences in Europe during this tumultuous period shaped his understanding of international relations and underscored the importance of dialogue and cooperation in fostering peace.
Dr. Guerrero’s contributions extended beyond diplomatic missions; he played a pivotal role in shaping international law and order. As a member of the Commission for the Progressive Codification of International Law, he contributed to treaty negotiations that laid the groundwork for the modern global order. His expertise and negotiating acumen earned him recognition as a Member of the Court of the Permanent Court of Arbitration—a testament to his diplomatic prowess.
His tenure as Minister of Foreign Affairs of El Salvador saw the professionalization of diplomatic and consular careers in El Salvador, leaving an indelible mark on future generations of Salvadoran diplomats. His legacy is commemorated annually on June 26th, a fitting tribute to his service and dedication to the diplomatic corps.
In 1931, Dr. Guerrero embarked on a new chapter as a Judge of the world’s highest Court of Justice—a role he would later assume as President of the Court. Amidst the chaos of World War II, his unwavering courage was on full display when he stood up to the German high command to protect the sanctity of the Permanent Court of International Justice—a testament to his commitment to justice in the face of adversity.
Beyond his judicial duties, Dr. Guerrero remained deeply connected to his Salvadoran roots. His vision for a unified Central America may not have come to fruition, but his efforts laid the groundwork for the Central American Integration System (SICA), providing a platform for regional cooperation and solidarity.
Dr. Guerrero’s legacy extends far beyond his diplomatic and judicial achievements; he was a patriot and a visionary who believed that peace could only be achieved through justice. His seminal work, “The International Order,” continues to influence scholars and practitioners alike, reminding us that the pursuit of peace requires a steadfast commitment to justice and equity.
According to Dr. Philippe Couvreur, former Registrar of the International Court of Justice, the tribute to Dr. Guerrero undoubtedly represents a vibrant homage to the country of his birth, whose image he consistently elevated and whose interests he staunchly defended, alongside those of the Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Court of Justice, where he served as a pivotal figure and served as the quintessential link. By ensuring continuity between both Courts, Dr. Guerrero decisively contributed to the development of a robust and effective international justice system, which has proven its significance, both as a tool for preventive diplomacy and during moments of acute international crisis.
As we honor the life and legacy of Dr. José Gustavo Guerrero, let us not merely commemorate the past but draw inspiration from his example to chart a course towards a more just and peaceful world. In a time marked by uncertainty and division, his vision of diplomacy guided by values of integrity, tolerance, and mutual respect remains as relevant as ever—a timeless reminder of the power of diplomacy to build bridges and forge a brighter future for generations to come.
In March 2024,H.E. Ambassador Agustín Vásquez Gómez had the distinct privilege of presenting in San Salvador a publication emanating from the research endeavors of the Diplomatic Institute “Dr. José Gustavo Guerrero.” This meticulous study delved into the illustrious life and profound contributions of a distinguished Salvadoran luminary. Through his erudition, magnetism, and remarkable ability to connect with the needs of the Nations at his time, he indelibly imprinted upon the collective conscience the noble pursuit of global peace and justice, a legacy that still sounds within the halls of the International Court of Justice.
