Upholding the Rights to Justice and Accountability for Families of the Missing from Ukraine

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Upholding the Rights to Justice and Accountability for Families of the Missing from Ukraine

The Hague, 19 June 2025 – Gathering evidence for future war crimes trials and upholding the rights of families of the missing are central pillars in efforts to account for more than 70,000 people missing from Ukraine, speakers emphasized during a major conference organized by the International Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP) in The Hague today.

Ukrainian and international experts, government representatives, and human rights advocates participated in the discussion, which focused on supporting large-scale investigations into cases of persons missing as a result of the Russian invasion.

Artur Dobroserdov, Commissioner for Persons Missing Under Special Circumstances in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, noted that since May 2023, Ukraine has maintained a Unified Register of Persons Missing in Special Circumstances, which currently contains information on over 70,000 individuals.

“The Register also includes a dedicated section on unidentified human remains, highlighting the scale and complexity of the issue. This centralized system is crucial for tracing missing persons, supporting investigations, and ensuring accountability.”
Mr. Dobroserdov added that identifying thousands of human remains “places a significant burden on forensic, law enforcement, and investigative institutions. Ukraine is actively working to expand the capacity of DNA laboratories and increase the number of genetic experts to meet this growing need. The introduction of the Integrated Data Management System (iDMS), provided by ICMP, is expected to significantly improve data management and identification processes.”

A staff member of ICMP working in ICNMP’ DNA lab

ICMP Director-General Kathryne Bomberger stressed: “Now is the time to ensure that the human rights of survivors are protected and secured. This includes the right to justice, truth, and reparations. This is fundamental to upholding the rule of law and the rules-based international order. Conducting judicial investigations is essential.”

Yuriy Bielousov, Head of the War Crimes Department in Ukraine’s Prosecutor-General’s Office, noted that the digitization—supported by ICMP—of information collected by forensic bureaus across the country has been a major step forward. “We, as prosecutors, need to have all data digitized … as there is a huge volume of data.” Like other speakers, he highlighted a consistent pattern of rights violations perpetrated by the Russian Federation—first in Chechnya, then in Georgia, and now in Ukraine—where specific segments of the population are targeted for enforced disappearance.

Dr. Kateryna Rashevska, Legal Expert with the Regional Center for Human Rights in Kyiv, emphasized the need to strengthen Ukraine’s domestic legal framework: “This includes adopting legislation that allows investigations at the residence of relatives, rather than solely at the location of the disappearance; clarifying how enforced disappearance is addressed under our Criminal Code; and aligning legal definitions with international law. Ukraine must also improve mutual legal assistance and international cooperation to facilitate evidence sharing and support the search for victims. We must take a holistic approach—ensuring that every missing person is found and every perpetrator held accountable. Because we do not merely have a political duty—we have a moral responsibility. Persistent impunity for violations of international humanitarian law fuels further abuses. If we do not stop it now, it will not stop at all.”

While acknowledging that “Ukraine has taken very significant practical steps to establish the legislative, institutional, and operational framework for an effective missing persons process,” Vrinda Grover, a member of the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine, cautioned: “Ordinary judicial and investigative authorities are seldom adequate to the task. This is due in part to the immense caseload, and in part to a lack of necessary competencies—including appropriate forensic expertise—but also due to institutional design.

Judicial authorities are often more focused on identifying perpetrators than on establishing the fate and whereabouts of victims. The Commission has repeatedly emphasized a broad understanding of accountability—encompassing both judicial and non-judicial mechanisms—as essential to a victim-centric approach.”

Stephen J. Rapp, former U.S. Ambassador-at-Large for Global Criminal Justice, highlighted challenges in preserving battlefield evidence: “Often, evidence gathered in combat zones is of enormous value to the military, but it almost never reaches criminal prosecutors. We are working with the National Police and their collaboration with the military to bring thousands of documents into the evidence management system. Previously, this information was siloed. It is essential to make that material usable for criminal justice purposes and to integrate it into a database addressing missing persons.”

Dr. Thomas Parsons, former Head of Research at the U.S. Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory (AFDIL) and former Director of Science and Technology at ICMP, stated: “Every large-scale missing persons context presents both commonalities and unique features that must be clearly understood and carefully addressed. Global experience highlights the importance of centralized mechanisms and shared databases that allow for standardized procedures independent of case-by-case investigations.”

Oleksandra Romantsova, Executive Director of Ukraine’s Center for Civil Liberties, reflected on historical challenges: “Under the Soviet system, people became accustomed to unexplained disappearances, and there remains a legacy of insufficient trust in law enforcement. We must learn from countries like those in the Balkans or South America. The state bears responsibility for investigations—it’s a massive undertaking, particularly during ongoing hostilities. That’s why the active involvement of families and civil society, those most invested in the process, is crucial.”

Today’s roundtable was the fifth in a series organized by ICMP examining missing persons cases and enforced disappearances resulting from the Russian invasion. The inaugural session in Kyiv (May 2024) addressed institutional and legislative frameworks. Subsequent meetings focused on forensic science and databases (Warsaw, June 2024), the abduction and deportation of Ukrainian children (The Hague, June 2024), and reparations for families of the missing (The Hague, co-organized with the Register of Damage for Ukraine, April 2025).

Across all these roundtables, participants have underscored the need for robust, rights-based investigations that produce judicially admissible evidence, enable reparations, and lay the foundation for long-term justice. As long as large numbers of people remain unaccounted for, any eventual political settlement will lack both legitimacy and public support. Accounting for the missing must go hand in hand with holding those responsible for their disappearance accountable.

Members of the ICMP Board of Commissioners participated in the Roundtable following their annual meeting on 18 June. Commissioners also met this morning with representatives of states that are members or observers of ICMP’s Conference of States Parties. This follows a Diplomatic Conference held in December 2024, during which the ICMP Treaty was amended to facilitate membership and funding. Today’s meeting focused on developing a system to support ICMP’s Investigation and Identification Standing Capacity.

ICMP’s Ukraine Program is supported by the governments of Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, and the United States.

About ICMP
The International Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP) is a treaty-based intergovernmental organization headquartered in The Hague, the Netherlands. Its mandate is to secure the cooperation of governments and other authorities in locating persons missing as a result of conflict, human rights violations, disasters, organized violence, and other causes—and to assist them in doing so.

Exploring Georgia: A Journey Through Wine and Culture

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Exploring Georgia: A Journey Through Wine and Culture

Text & photography by Kim Vermaat

Nestled at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, Georgia is a country that boasts a rich tapestry of history, culture, and natural beauty. But perhaps one of its most enchanting treasures is its wine.

With a wine making tradition that spans over 8,000 years, Georgia is often referred to as the cradle of wine. This ancient practice is not just a part of Georgian culture; it is the very essence of the nation’s identity.

Telavi, Georgia – April 26 2025: Visitors at Tsinandali Estate in Telavi sample unique natural wines savoring Georgian viticultures rich flavors and traditions.
Tbilisi, Georgia – April 25 2025: A flavorful grilled fish dish garnished with fresh herbs and served alongside roasted vegetables in Tbilisi Georgia.

As you embark on a journey through Georgia, the lush vineyards and picturesque landscapes will captivate your senses. The Kakheti region, located in the eastern part of the country, is the heart of Georgian wine making. Here, you can visit family- owned wineries and taste wines made using traditional methods in qvevris—large clay vessels buried underground. This unique technique imparts a distinct flavor to the wine, making it unlike any other in the world.

Tbilisi, Georgia – April 25 2025: A breathtaking sunset paints the sky behind a historic church in Tbilisi illuminating its golden dome and architectural beauty.
Mtskheta, georgia – April 25 2025: Visitors stroll towards the sixth century Jvari Monastery surrounded by ancient ruins and lush greenery in Mtskheta Georgia.
Celebration at Ujarma Fortress in Georgia April 26 2025: Orthodox ceremony within the medieval Ujarma Fortress.

One of the most renowned wineries in Kakheti is the Tsinandali Estate. This historic estate not only offers exquisite wines but also provides a glimpse into Georgia’s aristocratic past.

Strolling through the estate’s gardens and exploring the museum dedicated to Georgian wine making, you can feel the deep connection between the land and its people.

Mukhrani, Georgia – April 25 2025: Visitors observe traditional Qvevri clay vessels used for wine fermentation at the Chateau Mukhrani estate in Mtskheta.

But Georgia’s wine story is not confined to Kakheti. The Imereti and Racha regions also produce exceptional wines, each with its own unique characteristics. In Imereti, the wines are often lighter and more aromatic, while Racha is known for its semi- sweet red wines, such as the famous Khvanchkara.

Beyond the vineyards, Georgia’s vibrant cities offer a blend of ancient and modern attractions. Tbilisi, the capital, is a city where cobblestone streets and medieval architecture coexist with contemporary art galleries and bustling markets. Here, you can savor Georgian cuisine, which pairs perfectly with the local wines. Traditional dishes like khachapuri (cheese-filled bread) and khinkali (dumplings) are a culinary delight that complements the rich flavors of Georgian wine.

Tbilisi, Georgia – April 25 2025: People gather outside a lively venue in Tbilisi during the evening showcasing the citys vibrant nightlife atmosphere.
Telavi, Georgia – April 26 2025: Guests savor natural wine paired with traditional dishes at Tsinandali Estate in Telavi Georgia creating a warm ambiance.

As you explore the countryside, you’ll encounter warm and hospitable locals who are eager to share their wine and stories. The Georgian supra, a traditional feast, is an experience like no other. With an abundance of food, wine, and heartfelt toasts, it embodies the spirit of Georgian hospitality.

Georgia’s wine culture is not just about the drink itself; it’s about the connection to the land, the history, and the people. It’s a journey that takes you through ancient traditions and modern innovations, all while immersing you in the breathtaking beauty of the country.

Telavi, Georgia – April 26 2025: Spring blossoms brighten a sunny day in Telavi Georgia while national flags wave gently above vibrant bushes in the square.

So, whether you’re a seasoned wine connoisseur or simply looking for a unique travel experience, Georgia offers a captivating adventure that will leave you with unforgettable memories and a deep appreciation for its wine heritage.

Practical: Comfortable direct flights linking Europe are provided by many airlines including British Airways, Air France and Lufthansa. Luxurious hotel chains as Marriot, Radisson Collection etc are available to secure a more comfortable stay.

This discovery became possible by the support of the Georgian National Tourism Administration as well as the Georgian Sommelier Association.

Tbilisi, Georgia – April 27 2025: Patrons enjoy dinner at an outdoor cafe by the river in Tbilisi on a vibrant evening with city lights reflecting on the water.

Is the EU fading from History?

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Is the EU fading from History?

By Ján Figeľ

The text is based on a keynote speech at the Colloquium organized on 26 May 2025 by the Institute Jean Lecanuet in Paris

The question about EU’s fading from history is a timely warning. Brexit confirmed it.

The situation of the EU and its Member States is serious – they face war and military conflict at their doors, demographic decline, sluggish economies, growing public debts, rise of violence and new ideologies, mediocracy and frequent corruption within key institutions. All this is present at the same time instead of a focus on common good for all. Instead of shaping the future and the world they all rather speak about consumption of the future. Progressivism is on rise but Europe is not progressing.

Robert Schuman has left one of the greatest political inspirations we can find in modern history. Schuman was a true statesman in service of his nation and a peaceful Europe. He wished to have France for Europe and received back Europe for France. Schuman had a large picture and a long-term vision. His Christian faith and deep spirituality were the source of his tireless service to justice and common good, they nurtured his practical solidarity and political actions.

It is urgent to apply Schuman´s legacy for getting Europe back into the center of human history, in a positive and inspirational manner, shaping our future towards peace, security and prosperity.

Dignity

Never before was Europe fading away from history as much as in 1945, after devastating WWII. Fortunately, we had courageous, brave and hardworking Fathers of Europe like Schuman, Adenauer or De Gasperi – who refused to collaborate with inhumane ideologies of Nazism and communism but refused also a principle of revenge as well. They preferred mutual reconciliation of repeatedly belligerent nations. European founding fathers believed that lasting and true peace is a fruit of reconciliation and justice. For them human freedom, responsibility, dignity have been inseparable.

Justice today is understood as respect to fundamental rights of individuals and communities. But foundational principle of our rights is dignity of person. Human dignity represents fact from which our rights and duties are derived. Respect to HD of all is a road to peace for all. We are all equal in dignity, while all different in identity. This is the essential principle of unity in diversity, motto of the EU.

Robert Schuman and his peers – René Cassin, Jacques Maritain, Charles Malik, Eleanor Roosevelt, John Humprey, P. C. Chang and others – started postwar renewal on the foundational pillar and protection of human dignity. In Paris, under leadership of France in December 1948 UDHR was adopted. The very first sentence says: „…recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world “. Dignity is mentioned in the Declaration five times.

But for Europe, Schuman insisted (not without opposition) on the creation of a system of human rights based on the supranational rule of law, rather than a more declaratory approach of the UN. In May1949 in London Schuman signed the Statutes of the Council of Europe. This step, said Schuman, “created the foundations of a spiritual and political cooperation, from which the European spirit will be born, the principle of a vast and enduring supranational union.”

On 9 May 1950 Schuman Declaration of the French Government was adopted to create a European Community for Coal and Steel (ECSC), based on supranational principles and open to all free countries. In November 1950 in Rome the European Convention of Human Rights by Schuman and 11 other national leaders was signed.

Roots of united Europe – it is not the past – it is presence and future! We must return to our roots, revitalize them, nurture spiritual part of our individual and collective being (as communities and nations). In line with European founding fathers, we should understand the triple importance of human dignity: as a departure point, permanent criterion and unquestionable objective of our policies. Respect of dignity of everyone everywhere is a road to reconciliation, peace and stability.

Therefore, Western and Eastern Europe should avoid detrimental and divisive ideologies. They need serving leaders, who see widely and in long-term perspective. More than increased armament and defense spending Europe needs mature statecraft with wisdom, courage and perseverance to create future, not to consume it at the costs of next generations.

European Union

The ECSC, Euratom and EEC leading up to the current EU represent 75 years of experience, practical solidarity and learning together how to live, work and walk in peace.

After the Franco-German reconciliation and the expansion to six founders, France’s proposal to create the European Defense Community (EDC) was signed by four states in 1954 but was unfortunately rejected by the French Assemblée Nationale. Afterward, the European Communities witnessed and motivated collapses of military dictatorships in Greece, Spain, Portugal, the historical fall of Berlin Wall along with the demise of the Soviet Union and communism in Europe. After that, it grew into the Union of 27 members with 10 candidate countries.

EU became a soft power based on attractiveness of freedom, stability and prosperity

Brexit weakened European unity while confirming freedom of EU members to exit, to leave. After five years we see a new convergence between London and Brussels. EU was actually moving, growing and changing in times of crisis (oil, constitutional, financial and now security crises). This is fully in line with Schuman´s Plan counting on graduality of integration as a process. Concerning the future, the EU needs as much integration as necessary to achieve shared objectives of its Member States, and to guarantee as much freedom for its citizens as possible.

Four objectives are currently very urgent:

  • First is a maximum support of Europe´s competitiveness through technological and systemic innovation. Innovation becomes an imperative. Europe must play in Global Champions League of new technologies, higher education, applied research and innovations.
  • Second, based on current challenges, after 70 years since the collapse of the EDC proposal put forward by Pléven Government of France, it is time again to build a European Defense Union, based on the current Lisbon Treaty using the enhanced cooperation clause for likeminded and ready-to-move Member States.
  • Third, the Union must maintain a constructive dialogue and develop beneficial economic and trade cooperation with all important partners and organizations, including the BRICS.
  • Fourth, undelayed enlargement of the EU is a must, not a mercy of the West towards the East. I can assure you that the price of non-enlargement is much higher than enlargement expenditures. The Union with all new members is MORE EUROPEAN, more complete. WWI started in Sarajevo. Therefore, lasting peace through EU enlargement must come back to Sarajevo, the Western Balkans and Eastern Europe as well.

The dream of the Founding Fathers was: a Europe free and one, whole, from Atlantic to Ural as one Community. The collapse of the Soviet Empire was a great opportunity to speed up work for lasting peace in Europe. The West won the Cold War but did not win peace. True peace among nations is much more than absence of military confrontation. This is our hard and noble task today.

The EU as an active part of a new West-East Community

After the February 2014 revolution in Kyiv, a civil war started in the East of Ukraine. Russia took over Crimea and the Second Cold War started. In absence of true political and diplomatic effort, it turned into a tragic and full war after the Russian military invasion of the Ukrainian territory in February 2022. Instead of getting closer, we witness division between the East and the West of Europe.

This fratricidal war must be stopped as soon as possible. A solution for lasting peace should be creative and constructive, based on dignity of peoples on both sides of the front line. It is not about the future of individual political leaders. They come and go. But nations remain. 75 years ago a tragic war was over. People were longing for peace and stability. Today war is not over, killing and destruction go on, people on war-torn territories suffer and die. They equally desire and deserve peace.

Potential solution is at hand. It can be labelled as Schuman Plan #2. Clementy Foundation elaborated it during the last two years, organizing discreet dialogues among personalities from Europe, US, Russia, Asia in the Vatican. We are grateful to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences for sharing its space and hospitality in order to study and apply Venerable Schuman’s legacy in our critical times.

The original role of the Franco-German rapprochement is now proposed for two major military and political powers in our civilizational space – the United States and the Russian Federation. Many in the world identified war on Ukraine as a proxy war between the two nuclear superpowers. With the exception of two cold war periods, relations between the two countries were constructive and cooperative. By the way, Russia supported the US independence. Judeo-Christian roots on both sides should nurture their global responsibility for peace and security. Desire for prosperity is close and dear to all people, East, West, North, South.

Clementy Ven. Schuman Legacy Foundation proposes to create common markets for strategic commodities and resources of both superpowers. Namely energy resources including infrastructure, raw natural materials, information technology and intellectual property. Participation must remain open and be offered to all countries and groups of countries who accept such an exceptional agreement, first of all from Europe, North America and Central Asia.

A new Community connecting Alaska with Kamchatka through Europe and Central Asia will emerge representing enormous, unprecedented economic potential. This may lay the foundations for the North Hemisphere Community or the West-East Community. This Great Deal between two superpowers will enable to find an acceptable compromise and end of the war in Ukraine faster and easier. And it will generate resources for dynamic reconstruction of all destroyed territories and infrastructure. The first reactions to this proposal from the East and the West are encouraging.

Lasting peace in Europe is possible and urgent. And it does not depend on more armaments, but on creative and constructive policy and mature leadership of relevant countries, including the European Union and its Member States. Schuman´s example and legacy can get Europe back into the center of human history, in positive and inspirational manner, shaping our common future towards peace, shared security and prosperity.It is difficult, but an achievable and rewarding task!

About the author:

Ján Figeľ is a Chairman of the Scientific Committee of the Clementy Foundation´s Chair for the Ven. Schuman´s Legacy in the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in the Vatican, the former EU Commissioner and Deputy Prime Minister of Slovakia, the founder of the EIT (European Institute of Innovation and Technology), the first Special Envoy for Freedom of Religion or Belief outside the EU, and currently President of FOREF (www.janfigel.sk)

Published by https://europeantimes.news/2025/06/is-the-eu-fading-from-history/

AI, Power, and Responsibility: Understanding the Stakes in a Changing World

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AI, Power, and Responsibility: Understanding the Stakes in a Changing World


By The Rt Hon Geoffrey Hoon, Former UK Secretary of State for Defence

Occasion:
“Understanding AI and Robotics”
Global Academy for the Geo-Politico-Technological Futures (GPTF) on June 12 2025

It’s a privilege to be here with defense professionals, technologists, scholars, and strategic thinkers—each committed to shaping a secure and resilient global future. I extend my sincere thanks to Professor Anis, to IFIMES, and to the Global Academy for the Geo-Politico-Technological Futures for organizing this vital series of discussion on artificial intelligence and robotics—topics that increasingly defines the trajectory of our global civilisation: the understanding—and the implications—of Artificial Intelligence.

Having spent the better part of my career immersed in questions of national defence, strategy, and governance, I have often been confronted with new technologies that force us to recalibrate both our expectations and our responsibilities. From the Cold War’s nuclear stand-off to today’s digital battlefield, each generation faces its own version of transformative risk. In our time, that risk—and that promise—carries a name: Artificial Intelligence.

 

The Strategic Importance of Understanding AI

When I first entered public service, technology was already beginning to reshape military doctrine. Precision weaponry, network-centric warfare, unmanned systems—these were harbingers of a revolution in defence affairs. But Artificial Intelligence is different. It is not merely another instrument in our arsenal; it is a force multiplier, a decision-maker, and potentially, a policy-shaper in its own right.

AI systems can now interpret satellite images with greater accuracy than human analysts. They can autonomously monitor cyber threats, control drone swarms, and conduct real-time logistics coordination with minimal human oversight. In the future, they may be entrusted with decisions that bear lethal consequences. The strategic implications are profound, and they extend well beyond the battlefield.

But AI is not limited to defence. It is woven into our healthcare systems, financial institutions, transport networks, and increasingly, our democratic processes. In short, the domain of AI is the domain of governance itself.

During my time in the UK Parliament, particularly as Secretary of State for Defence from 1999 to 2005, I had the responsibility of overseeing some of the nation’s most significant investments in military research and emerging technologies. I worked closely with our scientific communities, defence contractors, and NATO partners to integrate innovation into national security policy. Even then, we saw the early seeds of what AI could become—tools that could enhance decision-making, protect lives, and redefine modern warfare. Today, that frontier has expanded dramatically, making it even more vital that we understand the forces now shaping our world.

 

The Necessity of Ethical and Democratic Oversight

Let me be blunt: technology does not arrive with a built-in moral compass. AI is created by people—trained on data often riddled with bias, shaped by the commercial priorities of powerful companies, and deployed in contexts where transparency is elusive.

This demands rigorous ethical scrutiny. What are the principles that should guide the development and deployment of AI? Who decides when an AI system is sufficiently trustworthy to make decisions about a person’s freedom, livelihood, or security? These are not questions for engineers alone. They require the active engagement of policymakers, ethicists, civil society, and above all—citizens.

As a former Defence Secretary, I know that in moments of crisis, decisions are made at pace. But speed must never come at the expense of accountability. Any military or governmental use of AI must be embedded in clear lines of democratic control, oversight, and public legitimacy.

 

The Geopolitical Landscape

We must also view AI through the lens of geopolitics. The global race to develop and dominate AI is often framed as a contest between great powers. The United States and China are investing vast sums into AI research, with Europe seeking to carve out a third way—one rooted in human rights, privacy, and regulatory rigor.

This is not just a technological competition; it is a clash of values. If we believe in democracy, in individual liberty, and in the rule of law, we must build AI systems that reflect and reinforce those values. That means resisting the temptation to adopt opaque surveillance models in the name of efficiency or control.

It also means forging international agreements to prevent the weaponisation of AI in ways that could destabilise global security. Just as we established treaties around nuclear arms, we must now consider similar frameworks for autonomous weapons, algorithmic warfare, and the misuse of AI in hybrid or information conflicts.

 

AI and the Future of Work

Of course, the AI revolution will not remain confined to governments or tech giants. It is already changing the way ordinary people live and work. Some fear that AI will replace jobs wholesale—drivers, accountants, even journalists. And there is truth in that concern. But we should not be paralysed by fear.

Instead, we must invest in education and retraining, so that the workforce of the future is equipped to work alongside AI—not be displaced by it. If AI can automate tedious tasks, then human beings can focus on what we do best: creative thinking, empathy, leadership, and moral judgment.

But this transition must be managed. Governments have a duty to anticipate the social impact of AI and to cushion the blow for those who may be left behind. A just transition, not an abrupt upheaval, is the imperative of our time.

 

A Call to Informed Citizenship

Ultimately, the “Understanding of AI” must be a societal project. It is not enough for a handful of experts or regulators to understand these systems. Every citizen deserves to know how decisions that affect them are being made. Every student should learn not just how to use AI, but how it works—and why that matters.

This is why this programme is so important. By fostering public literacy in AI, we strengthen the democratic foundations of our society. We make ourselves more resilient to manipulation, to inequality, to authoritarian misuse.

In the years ahead, we will need more than innovation. We will need wisdom—collective wisdom. We will need leadership that understands that the choices we make now will echo for generations. And we will need vigilance. Because the stakes are high.

Let me close with a reflection.

When I served in government, we faced threats that were visible, tangible, and in some cases, predictable. AI is different. It is diffuse, embedded in code, and often acts invisibly. But its effects will be anything but hidden.

As I explore in more detail in my recent book, See How They Run, leadership today demands both foresight and humility. We have a choice. We can treat AI as an opaque force that simply happens to us. Or we can understand it, shape it, and guide it in accordance with our deepest values.

Let this be the moment we choose understanding over ignorance, governance over chaos, and humanity over hubris.

Is there a famine in North Korea?

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Is there a famine in North Korea?

HRNK (17.06.2025) – The inaccessibility of robust data in North Korea requires the use of diverse research methods to determine the extent of the current food insecurity. Consequently, this report utilizes various approaches examining the time period between the years of 2018-2024. Sources include open-source reporting, mapping and Geographic Information System (GIS) data, and international trade data. The report also uses the famine theories of both Amartya Sen and Thomas Malthus, in addition to the practice-informed writings of Frederick Cuny.

North Korea has long experienced cycles of food insecurity. Most famously, from 1994 to 1998 North Korea suffered a famine that is estimated to have killed up to 3 million people. After the collapse of the country’s public distribution system (PDS) for food rations in the 1990s, food insecurity has continued to be a chronic issue for North Koreans. Beginning in 2020, the central government’s COVID-19 restrictions severely restricted North Koreans’ most important coping mechanisms for food insecurity, implementing lockdowns and further restrictions on market activity. In 2022, the UN publication “The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World” reported that 40% of North Koreans were malnourished. With poor harvests, higher food prices, border closures from the COVID-19 pandemic, and restrictive government policies, evidence suggests that North Korean food insecurity has been at its worst since the 1990’s famine.

The inaccessibility of robust data in North Korea requires the use of diverse research methods to determine the extent of the current food insecurity. Consequently, this report utilizes various approaches examining the time period between the years of 2018-2024. Sources include open- source reporting, mapping and Geographic Information System (GIS) data, and international trade data. The report also uses the famine theories of both Amartya Sen and Thomas Malthus, in addition to the practice-informed writings of Frederick Cuny.

Research into North Korea will always lack the exact data that would allow for complete certainty. However, by examining the social, economic, agricultural, and political aspects of the current North Korean food situation, this report ultimately provides a holistic picture of the acute food insecurity faced by the North Korean people.

Updated report by Human Rights Without Frontiers

Singapore Management University wins ICC Moot Competition

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Singapore Management University wins ICC Moot Competition

ICC Judge Bertram Schmitt was the presiding judge for the competition’s jury. Members of the winning team are Lea Yeo Jen Wen, Justin Chew, Dewi Sabrina Husnan, Timothy Cheng Zhi Wen, Wong Zi Yang and Elsa Shalina Abdullah.

The teams competed on a fictitious case, presenting oral arguments in the roles of the Office of the Prosecutor, the Defence and the Legal Representatives of Victims. The competition was web-streamed live on the Court’s website and Facebook account.

This version of the ICC Moot Court Competition is organised by the Grotius Centre for International Legal Studies – Leiden University and the International Bar Association. In total, 85 universities and 500 students from 45 countries participated in the preliminary stage of this year’s competition.

ICC Moot Court Competitions are part of the ICC Academic programme, and are organized in English, Spanish, French and Chinese with a view to also support an Arabic version in the future. These initiatives play a critical role in gathering interest in the Court’s work with academic communities as well as in enhancing promotion and respect for international criminal law.

Rwanda’s New Ambassador Presents Credentials to the King of the Netherlands

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Rwanda’s New Ambassador Presents Credentials to the King of the Netherlands

H.E. Mr. Lambert Dushimimana, Ambassador of the Republic of Rwanda to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, was formally received at Noordeinde Palace in The Hague, where he presented his letters of credence to His Majesty King Willem-Alexander.

Diplomat Magazine extends its warm congratulations to Ambassador Dushimimana as he begins his diplomatic mission in the Netherlands.

Energy Transition Renewable Energy Tunisia  Netherlands

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Energy Transition Renewable Energy Tunisia  Netherlands

By Roy Lie Atjam

The Embassy of Tunisia, hosted an information session on energy transition and renewable energy opportunities between Tunisia and the Netherlands, on 3 June 2025 at the iconic Madurodam in The Hague.

The information session presented the energy transition and renewable energy strategies in Tunisia and in the Netherlands, identified potential bilateral cooperation areas, provided an overview of existing opportunities and discuss ways to promote business links between Dutch and Tunisian companies operating in this field.

Word of Welcome was delivered by H.E. Mr Skander Denguezli Ambassador of Tunisia in the Netherlands.

“It gives me great pleasure to welcome you today to our information session on the theme: Energy Transition and Renewable Energy Opportunities between Tunisia and the Netherlands. I appreciate your attendance at this event, which will be greatly enhanced by your presence and active participation.

Mr. Ouael Chouchane, Secretary of State to the Minister of Industry, Mines and Energy, in charge of energy transition

I would like, also, to extend my most sincere thanks and high appreciation to all those who contributed to the accomplishment of this event, especially:

  •  Mr. Ouael Chouchane, Secretary of State to the Minister of Industry, Mines and Energy, in charge of Energy Transition,
  • Mr. Belhassen Chiboub, Director General of Electricity and Energy Transition at the Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy,
  • Mrs. Lily Q, Secretary General and Mr Rob van der Gulik, Deputy Secretary General of the European Association of Energy Storage Trade, (EAEST),
  • Mr. Sofien Larbi, Senior Investment Officer, Energy, West Africa and MENA, at FMO – the Netherlands Development Finance Company,
  • Mr. Mohamed Chriha, President of Innovation Energy and Durability Data Center (IEDDC) – CEO of HORIZOP ENERGY.
  • And Mr Larroussi Haggui, our moderator.
Mrs. Lily Q, Secretary General of EAEST (European Association of Energy Storage Trade

Tunisia has a considerable potential to generate electricity from renewable sources. As part of its commitment to reduce carbon emissions and achieve energy security, the Tunisian Government has taken ambitious steps toward increasing renewable energy production. The Government plans to reach 35% of renewable energy in the electricity system capacity by 2030 and 50% by 2035.

Tunisia remains committed to fostering public-private partnerships and investing in renewable energy in order to reach its net-zero ambitions.

As we gather here, we stand at a pivotal moment in global energy development that calls for innovative thinking, collaborative action, and strategic partnerships. Both Tunisia and the Netherlands are deeply committed to advancing sustainable energy solutions, and today’s session will be a valuable opportunity to explore how our countries can work together in shaping a more resilient energy future.

Mr. Mohamed Chriha, President of Innovation energy and Durability Data Center IEDDC – CEO – HORIZOP ENERGY

During this session, we will discuss potential areas for cooperation in renewable energy between our two countries, provide funding opportunities for renewable energy projects through the FMO, give a presentation about connecting Europe, Africa and Asia on renewable energy opportunities, and discuss the e-mobility concept for a smart energy transition in North Africa. Following that, we will open the floor for questions and discussions.

Let me conclude by thanking you once again for attending this event,and for your attention. And let us look forward to a productive and inspiring session.”

The insightful morning concluded with a Q&A session, followed by a buffet.

The Ambassador of Angola H.E. Lizeth N. Satumbo Pena

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The Ambassador of Angola H.E. Lizeth N. Satumbo Pena

H.E. Ambassador Lizeth N. Satumbo Pena is the new Ambassador of the Republic of Angola presented credentials to the King of the Netherlands on Wednesday 18 June at the Noordeinde Palace in The Hague. Ambassador Satumbo Pena a senior career diplomat of the Republic of Angola, bringing over 22 years of experience in international diplomacy. Over the course of her career, she has served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to three countries and has been accredited to key regional and international organizations.

Her first diplomatic posting was to the Republic of Poland, where her exemplary service was recognized with the Commander’s Cross of the Order of Merit, awarded by the President of Poland. She subsequently served as Ambassador to the Republic of Hungary, where her strong leadership and success in advancing bilateral relations led the Angolan government to reverse a previously planned closure of the embassy.

Ambassador Satumbo Pena has held numerous leadership roles within the Diplomatic Corps and African Mission groups, contributing significantly to bilateral cooperation, multilateral diplomacy, and high-level international negotiations.

Diplomatic Career

2019–2025
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Angola to:

  • The Gabonese Republic
  • The Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS)
  • The United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa (UNOCA)

2011–2019
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Angola to the Republic of Hungary

2003–2011
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Angola to the Republic of Poland

Education

  • Master’s Degree in Biochemistry, University of Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire (1989–1991)
  • Advanced Diploma in Sciences (1987–1989)

Ambassador Satumbo Pena brings a wealth of experience in diplomatic and political negotiations at both bilateral and multilateral levels. She is skilled in managing social and humanitarian initiatives, and is a confident public speaker who frequently participates in official roundtables. In addition to her diplomatic expertise, she is proficient in Microsoft Office applications and demonstrates an interest in emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence tools such as ChatGPT.

Languages

  • Portuguese: Native
  • French: Fluent / Bilingual
  • English: Operational Proficiency
  • Umbundu: Fluent
  • Spanish: Basic
  • Polish: Basic

Ambassador Satumbo Pena has a strong intellectual inclination toward diplomatic-political analysis and academic writing. She is also passionate about reading, and enjoys the arts, particularly music and film.

Botswana Candidacy for the Organization for the OPCW

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Botswana Candidacy for the Organization for the OPCW

Ambassador Mmasekgoa Masire-Mwamba, Botswana’s Ambassador to the Kingdom of the Netherlands and Permanent Representative to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, is Botswana’s candidate for the position of Director-General of the OPCW’s technical secretariat.

This candidacy reflects Botswana’s strong commitment to international peace, disarmament, and multilateral cooperation.

Ambassador Masire-Mwamba is a seasoned diplomat and accomplished leader, bringing more than three decades of experience across diplomacy, law, science, and development. Her track record, built on integrity and results, aligns with the core mission of the OPCW.

A Leadership Rooted in Values, Shaped by Tradition

“I come from a country where dialogue is the first response, not the last resort,” Ambassador Masire-Mwamba reflects. “Our traditions teach us that peace is not just the absence of conflict, it’s the presence of conversation, even when views diverge.”

Her leadership philosophy is deeply influenced by Botswana’s enduring model of inclusive governance. From the village-level kgotla system where every voice, no matter how small, has space to the nation’s commitment to diplomacy over dominance, she has absorbed a worldview that sees listening as strength and consensus as strategy.

In global diplomacy, where trust is fragile and stakes are high, she brings a grounded, culturally rich perspective: that durable peace is built through agreements and mutual respect and understanding that precede them. This ethos defines her leadership as principled, transparent, and committed to fairness.

A Future-Focused Vision

Ambassador Masire-Mwamba envisions an OPCW fit for the future: resilient, representative, and responsive to today’s complex security landscape. Her approach focuses on strengthening the organisation’s core mandate while fostering greater inclusion, transparency, and technological readiness.

If elected, she would be the first African, and the first woman to serve as Director-General, marking a powerful step towards greater diversity in international leadership. In this complex and rapidly changing environment with evolving geopolitical challenges, her priorities and areas of focus would be:

  • Promoting the Universality of CWC signatories, to ensure a holistic and global commitment to the prohibition of chemical weapons, with outreach and renewed focus.
  • Adopting enhanced technologies to validate ongoing Monitoring and Verification through stakeholder engagement, requisite access and adequate resources. 
  • Ensure Outreach and Representation at all levels to ensure that the OPCW reflects its membership and that all interests are addressed fairly, openly, and transparently with the requisite sensitivity.
  • Harness Artificial Intelligence, Data analytics and other emerging Technologies to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the OPCW.
  • Leadership, Oversight, and Governance to ensure that the Technical Secretariat’s expertise and mandate are delivered to the highest professional standards.

Strategic Oversight, Global Governance

Ambassador Masire-Mwamba has held senior leadership roles in some of the world’s most respected multilateral institutions. As Deputy Secretary-General of the Commonwealth from 2008-2014, she played a central role in strategic planning, oversight, and institutional governance across 54 member states. Her responsibilities extended to chairing high-level diplomatic groups such as the OACPS Crisis Working Group of Ambassadors and serving as Vice Chair of the Common Fund for Commodities (CFC) Strategic Framework Committee.

These roles demanded not only political acuity and executive leadership, but also the ability to navigate complex negotiations and broker consensus in sensitive geopolitical contexts.

The Ambassador of Botswana, H.E. Mmasekgoa Masire-Mwamba

A Leader with Scientific and Technological Insight

Beyond diplomacy, she brings a strong foundation in science and technology. Trained as a telecommunications practitioner with a BSc in electronics and physics from the University of London, Ambassador Masire-Mwamba has long maintained a professional interest in the ethical implications of emerging technologies. Her scientific literacy positions her to actively engage in technical policy discussions, particularly relevant in the context of chemical weapons, where developments in science and dual-use technologies require informed, vigilant leadership.

Her academic credentials spanning science, business (MBA from the University of Pittsburgh), and law (LLB from the University of South Africa) offer a rare interdisciplinary blend. This triad of expertise equips her with the tools to understand the OPCW’s technical mission, the legal frameworks that underpin its work, and the management principles required to lead a diverse international organisation. With additional specialized training programmes throughout her career, she brings both depth and adaptability an essential combination for today’s global leadership challenges.

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