Naval Diplomacy – A Friendly Tool for Deterrence or a Provocative Act Rooted in Neocolonialism?

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Naval Diplomacy – A Friendly Tool for Deterrence or a Provocative Act Rooted in Neocolonialism?

By Robin Makaron

Ever since man became one with the sea, maritime expenditures and strategies have been elaborated, debated, and deployed. Its history can be traced down through the years since, with varying emphases, interpretations, and terminology.

Historically, navies and ships have commonly been the military-diplomatic instrument of choice for projecting — explicitly or implicitly — the threat of politics by other means1. The term “naval” or “gunboat” diplomacy may have a modern ring to it can be traced back to the early twentieth century.2

On October 19, 2023, the Pentagon deployed the aircraft carrier Gerald R. Ford and its battle group into the eastern Mediterranean, and with the Dwight D. Eisenhower carrier strike gently on its way.

As the advancements in techno-military industries fuel the desire for power and control, the drumbeats of a worldwide war have pounded discreetly over us since the turn of the century. Most recently, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, alongside ongoing tensions between China and the United States and the Israeli-Gaza conflict accelerated its buildup.

It begs the question, is naval diplomacy an effective non-threatening tool to deter the risk of war, or is it a remnant of imperialism whose goal is to assert dominance and order at the expense of lesser nations?

Concepts and Definitions: A false perception of diplomacy?

While viewed as an effective way to deter the risk of war in the short term, naval diplomacy is “the application of naval capabilities in pursuit of national objectives during cooperation and competition below conflict”. 3

However, some experts find the term as being too narrow, emotionally charged, and burdened by colonialism.4 While theoretical aspects of its political use point to the necessity of a clear distinction from a mere “naval presence,” which is deemed insufficient as a focal point in a theory of naval diplomacy.5

Military power plays a crucial role in diplomacy, but it’s important to recognize that there are additional dimensions of power at play. 6 

The general implications of the use of military presence serve a largely symbolic role such as signaling interest and physically demonstrating support to one’s allies. It can also signal changing perspectives and changing commitments, depending on their manipulation. Its objective is to constrain the opposition’s role in a crisis which can include everything from showing the flag to establishing a false sense of security and order. 

On the other hand, naval diplomacy is defined as “the use or the threat of limited naval force in order to secure advantage or to avert loss, either in the furtherance of an international dispute or else against foreign nationals within the state’s territory or jurisdiction”.7

The foregoing definition has divided acts of naval diplomacy into two specific categories: cooperative and coercive. Its main component resides in its intent to influence behavior. The lower limit of its spectrum of activity is nonthreatening in nature and the upper limit of spectrum falls short of the state of war but can include violence8.

Yet, it raises the question of when an act of influence crosses into an act of violence and whether such provocative activity can still be legitimately classified as diplomacy.

Diplomacy is distinguished from the broader idea of foreign policy in the sense that, “diplomacy involves means and mechanism” including a wide range of techniques.

Military diplomacy, on the other hand, is defined as a set of activities carried out by the representatives of the defense department, as well as other state institutions, aimed at pursuing the foreign policy interests of the state in the field of security and defense policy. 9

This involves gathering intel on the armed forces and the security situation in the receiving state, organizing working visits of representatives of the defense authorities and peaceful stay of the military units of the sending state in the receiving state, and more importantly supporting business contracts with arms and military equipment between the sending and the receiving state.

This distinction sets military diplomacy apart from related phenomena like naval or coercive diplomacy.

In the context of its nature, naval diplomacy is not – unlike military diplomacy – a form of “diplomacy” in the sense of a non-violent instrument for the pursuit of foreign policy based mainly on negotiations, but it is in fact a specific method of the use of military force – primarily as an instrument for intimidation.

The Counterproductive effect of Naval Diplomacy on neighboring countries

As Prussian King Frederick the Great once said “Diplomacy without arms is like music without instruments”.

The intersection of force and diplomacy is one of many important topics in the fields of history and international relations10. Examining their conjunctions brings academic specialties together and broadens the scope of how nations interact.

The use of “limited naval force” is inherently a political concept because the threat of force is not limited by the size or characteristics of the ships involved. Consequently, no category of actions can be labeled as a safe threshold. The acceptance of all concerned parties of an act of force as limited rather than an act of war is independent of objective, motive, or international law.11

Introducing naval forces into an already existing crisis is often viewed as highly provocative and requires a delicate approach.12 Hence the term “diplomacy” in naval diplomacy underscores the need to stabilize the conflict, supplementing the fighting connotation of naval use.

But one must question whether its presence is prepositioned or projected into the crisis.

Warships and navies represent symbols of national sovereignty and power, and for having, not only a defense value but also a symbolic and supportive value such as diplomatic envoys. A military commander quickly learns that diplomacy is not solely the province of diplomats.

This way of action can be counterproductive. Not only can it fail to produce desired political effects but can also cause unintended and unforeseen damages.

The harsh reality is that an aggressor nation, usually a more powerful or resourceful state, which uses its force of arms, produces a fait accompli and thus in the process, from the victim’s viewpoint, commits illegalities and violates its sovereignty. The victim nation is not left with an abundance of choices. It must either accept or react to the new situation.

Domestic political factors, although complex, must be considered and should not be minimized by political leaders.13 Naval diplomacy, then, must take account of a state’s political, historical, economic, and military world view the policy environment, the decision-making processes, and internal pressures that shape the parameters and likelihood of what can be achieved.14

No one can deny that detaching the military carries housing devastating air wings and sends a powerful deterrence message to any nation that seeks to disrupt the rules-based international order.

Therefore, naval diplomatic tactics must not only be an act not intended to start a war, but also one calculated not to incite a response or worse create an everlasting resentment that could potentially broaden into a regional conflict in the long term.

Neocolonialism Resentment: Naval Diplomacy in the Middle East

As explained beforehand, naval diplomacy tends to offer short-term solutions, its “last resort” nature, its simplicity, and the gap between its idealistic objectives and practical outcomes illustrate its temporary effectiveness.

In order to be durable in the long term, it must be complemented by comprehensive foreign policy strategies that address the underlying issues driving international conflicts.

The use of sea power in “achieving world domination” was already a generally accepted concept during the Cold War. Sergey Gorshkov, Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union, used the term “local wars of imperialism” to encapsulate his interpretations of this Western strategy.15

By pursuing economic opportunities in the region’s oil fields, the United States challenged Britain’s position and became a dominant power in the Middle East during the 1920s. But it must be said that America’s determination to lead, combined with an incomprehension of the region, has been the principal problem in American foreign policy.

Washington’s unwavering support for Israel in its collision with its Arab neighbors seems to underline a US instinct for the solution of problems by force. Washington was and still is a vital provider of military, economic; and political aid. It bore a key responsibility for Israel’s prolonged assault during the Lebanese civil war in the 1970s, and similarly in Gaza in 2008. These expeditions did not go unnoticed as they aroused widespread condemnation.16

Most Arab countries are absolutely convinced that American foreign policy towards the Near and Middle East is Jewish foreign policy and that the American press, and a large part of the government, are very much under the dominance of Zionists. Many individuals still think that American diplomacy is not only dollar diplomacy but oil diplomacy and that United States foreign policy is dominated by one family the Rockefellers.17

A few days back, retired General Frank McKenzie emphasized that the carriers and the flying squadrons [in the Mediterranean] give the president “options”. These options demonstrate the United States’ assertive stance in the intricate and tragic Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

While the Biden administration maintains that its primary objective is to warn Hezbollah and other Iranian proxies against getting involved in the conflict, it has also conveyed back-channel messages to Qatar, indicating its seriousness about using force if necessary. Biden’s decision may inadvertently set in motion a process of escalation.

More generally, the reliance upon naval fleets reflects the pragmatic orientation of American diplomacy inadequacy upon fanatical nation-states such as Iran. And while with most Middle Eastern states, diplomatic relationships follow a pattern, the volatile dynamics of dealing with sovereign states necessitate a more strategic and nuanced approach.18

This comes at a time when the region is currently in the midst of a change, presenting unique prospects for peace and prosperity after long decades of war and insecurity. While Saudi Arabia and Iran engaged in on-off talks, with Beijing’s mediation, to ease their bitter rivalry, and reduce conflicts, the United States finds itself no longer as influential a player in the region.

About the author:

Mr Robin Makaron
Robin Makaron is a Lebanese citizen in Paris, holds degrees in Law and Economics and a master’s in International Law from Pantheon-Sorbonne University. He’s preparing for the French Bar exam. His father, a diplomat with a doctorate in Public Law, served in various high-ranking positions worldwide, shaping Robin’s interest in global affairs.  

Notes

1 Mandel, Robert. “The Effectiveness of Gunboat Diplomacy.” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 1, 1986, pp. 59–76.
2 As documented by the Oxford English Dictionary.
3 Department of the Navy, Naval Doctrine Publication 1: Naval Warfare (1 April 2020): 25.                               4 J. J. Widen (2011) Naval Diplomacy—A Theoretical Approach, Diplomacy & Statecraft, 22:4, 715-733        5 Richard G. Colbert, Kenneth R. McGruther Naval War College Review, Vol. 27, No. 2 (September-October 1974), pp. 3-20
6 Drab L. Defence diplomacy – an important tool for the implementation of foreign policy and security of the state. Security and Defence Quarterly. 2018;20(3):57-71. doi:10.5604/01.3001.0012.5152.
7 J. Cable, Gunboat diplomacy, 1919–1991: political applications of limited naval force (third edition), Basingstoke: Macmillan/IISS, 2016, p. 14.
8 Naval Diplomacy beneath the waves: Study of the coercive use of Submarines Shirt of War by Brent Alan Ditzler (December 1989), Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School
9 PhDr. Erik Pajtinka, Military Diplomacy and Its Present Functions, 2016
10 WEAVER, MICHAEL E. “The Relationship between Diplomacy and Military Force: An Example from the Cuban Missile Crisis.” Diplomatic History, vol. 38, no. 1, 2014, pp. 137–81. JSTOR,
11 James Cable, “Gunboat Diplomacy,” International Military and Defense Encyclopedia, vol. III, p. 1135.
12 Richard G. Colbert, Kenneth R. McGruther Naval War College Review, Vol. 27, No. 2 (September-October 1974), pp. 3-20
13 Ken Booth, Navies and Foreign Policy (London: Croom Helm; New York: Crane Russak, 1977), p. 31.
14 Edward Luttwak, The Political Uses of Sea Power, Studies in International Affairs, no. 23
(Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1974), pp. 6–8
15 Rowlands, Kevin (2012) “Decided Preponderance at Sea”: Naval Diplomacy in Strategic Thought,” Naval War College Review: Vol. 65: No. 4, Article 9.
16 Alexander, A. (2011) America and the Imperialism of Ignorance: US Foreign Policy Since 1945, Google Books. Biteback Publishing
17 McClintock, R. M. “THE ART OF DIPLOMACY: A Lecture Delivered at the Naval War College on 17 September 1964.” Naval War College Review, vol. 17, no. 5, 1965, pp. 56–71. JSTOR
18 Thomas M. DiBiagio, Law, Force & Diplomacy at Sea, by Ken Booth, 12 Md. J. Int’lL. 121 (1987)

Actions across Europe against online fraud with cryptocurrencies

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Actions across Europe against online fraud with cryptocurrencies

Eurojust coordinates operation at request of Swiss authorities

At the request of the Swiss authorities, Eurojust has coordinated several actions against an online fraud network in EU Member States, Georgia and Ukraine. This has led to searches and the freezing of bank accounts in over 20 countries. 

Investigations into the investment scam started in October 2019, following a complaint from a victim to the Swiss authorities. This uncovered fraudulent call centres and websites of alleged financial trading companies in Ukraine, and later also in Georgia. The investigation was temporarily suspended due to the war in Ukraine. At the end of 2022, however, targeted actions were taken in 23 countries, where places were searched and bank accounts and assets were frozen.

The investigations revealed that most of the victims were Swiss and German investors. The perpetrators allegedly used over a hundred websites, posing as serious investment companies, offering financial transactions in cryptocurrencies and trading options. After potential investors showed interest, they were approached over the phone and lured into making considerable investments that were subsequently lost.

Given the complexity and scale of the scam, it is difficult to estimate the exact amount of the loss and the number of victims, but investors have lost at least several million euros. Eurojust  has been providing support to the case since December 2020, helping to set up a joint investigation team into the fraud between the Swiss and Ukrainian authorities.

Three coordination meetings were held to organise a coordinated action day, during which judicial measures were taken to freeze and seize the suspects’ bank accounts and assets. The Swiss and German authorities cooperated closely in the early phase of the coordination via Eurojust and Europol.

Europol’s European Financial and Economic Crime Centre provided analytical support to the operations, while the European Cybercrime Centre, along with its Joint Cybercrime Action Taskforce, facilitated coordination among the countries involved.

The following authorities cooperated on a mutual legal assistance basis:

  • Switzerland: Public Prosecutor’s Office of the Canton of Bern; Police of the Canton of Berne
  • Belgium: Federal Public Prosecutor’s Office; Investigative Judge Court of 1st Instance Brussels
  • Bulgaria: Sofia City Prosecutor’s Office
  • Cyprus: Cyprus Police
  • Czech Republic: Metropolitan Public Prosecutor’s Office Prague
  • Georgia: Prosecutor General’s Office
  • Germany: Bavarian Central Office for the Prosecution of Cybercrime at Bamberg Public Prosecutor General’s Office
  • Hungary: Fővárosi Főügyészség Gazdasági Bűnügyek Osztálya (Metropolitan Chief Prosecution Office Department for Economic Crimes); Készenléti Rendőrség Nemzeti Nyomozó Iroda (Rapid Response and Special Police Services, National Bureau of Investigation)
  • Lithuania: Regional Public Prosecutor’s Office Vilnius
  • Portugal: Public Prosecution Offices of Lisbon, Setubal and Faro
  • Slovakia: Public Prosecutor’s Office Bratislava
  • Ukraine: Prosecutor General’s Office, Main Investigation Department; Cyber Police Department of National Police of Ukraine

President Gatti Santana launches fifth cycle of Mechanism’s Inter-University Video Lecture Programme

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President Gatti Santana launches fifth cycle of Mechanism’s Inter-University Video Lecture Programme

On November 3, 2023, Judge Graciela Gatti Santana, the President of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (Mechanism), inaugurated the fifth cycle of the Inter-University Video Lecture Programme in The Hague. During this event, she delivered an opening lecture about the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) to 120 postgraduate students from 14 law faculties and one political sciences faculty in the former Yugoslavian region.

President Gatti Santana stressed the importance of creating a regional network of students engaged with the ICTY’s legacy, educating them about ICTY jurisprudence, and equipping them with skills for utilizing and promoting the ICTY’s work. Her lecture covered the ICTY’s history, political context, mandate, and jurisdiction.

The program, titled “International Law and Facts Established before the ICTY,” consists of a series of video lectures presented by Mechanism speakers, former ICTY staff, and experts, spanning several months. It focuses on the region’s recent history, the ICTY’s role, contributions, and principles of international criminal and humanitarian law.

This year’s program involves participation from various universities and faculties, including Union University in Belgrade, the University of Donja Gorica, the University of Niš, the Haxhi Zeka University of Peja, the University of Podgorica, the University of Pristina, the University of Rijeka, the University of Sarajevo (Faculty of Law and Faculty of Political Sciences), Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, the University of Split, the University of Tuzla, the University of Vitez, the University of Zagreb, and the University of Zenica.

This Program is a component of the Mechanism Information Programme for Affected Communities (MIP). Since 2019, MIP has established a unique regional network of law faculties in collaboration with the participating universities, allowing students from different countries to learn about and discuss the ICTY’s work and legacy. These video lectures enhance students’ understanding of international criminal law and humanitarian law and provide a platform for meaningful dialogue among law students from the former Yugoslavian region.

Launched in January 2019, MIP aims to increase awareness and knowledge among affected communities regarding the 1990s conflicts in the former Yugoslavia, with a focus on ICTY and Mechanism cases. Funding for MIP is provided by the European Union.

10th  Diplomats Welcome After Summer Event  2023

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10th  Diplomats Welcome After Summer Event  2023

By Roy Lie Atjam

The Hague, Friday 8 September 2023, the end of the summer, return of the diplomatic community to town was celebrated by Diplomat Magazine in collaboration with the Embassy of Argentina and Hotel Leonardo Royal The Hague. The reception has gathered ambassadors, diplomats, politicians, and business people and many others.

Dr Mayelinne De Lara, the Publisher of Diplomat Magazine, warmly welcomed the esteemed guests to the 10th Diplomats Welcome After Summer event, hosted by Diplomat Magazine. “It’s an absolute pleasure to see so many ambassadors, judges, diplomats, and friends gathered here tonight to celebrate this special occasion.

Diplomat Magazine was founded by diplomats, for diplomats, with the commitment to support the diplomatic efforts of every mission at large. Over the years, we have strived to become an integral part of the teams representing each embassy, working tirelessly to promote your country’s policies and achievements on the international stage.

As we reflect on our journey, we take immense pride in having published over 14,000 articles,  5,500 diplomatic events and news updates. We have had the privilege of featuring more than 600 articles authored by ambassadors and organising over 100 events exclusively for diplomats like yourselves. Moreover, our collection boasts more than 50,000 pictures capturing cherished moments from your careers and the events you’ve attended, serving as a testament to our shared experiences.

The Ambassador of China, H.E. Mr. Jian Tan, the Ambassador of Rwanda, H.E. Mr. Olivier J.P. Nduhungirehe and the IOM Chief of Mission, Mr. Antonio Polosa.

It is truly an honour to have had the opportunity to host distinguished guests such as a Sultan, a Queen, numerous princes, prime ministers, presidents, ministers, ambassadors, international judges, diplomats, and academics from around the world. Many of them have contributed articles to our platform or have graced us with their insights during interviews. Your support and contributions have been instrumental in shaping Diplomat Magazine into what it is today, and for that, we are sincerely grateful.

Tonight, we would like to extend our heartfelt thanks to the visionary ambassadors who founded Diplomat Magazine: Japan, Malta, Vietnam, Canada, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua (Ambassador Carlos Arguello), and Bolivia (Ambassador Roberto Calzadilla).

We also extend our gratitude to our permanent sponsor, Leonardo Royal Hotel, for their support throughout the years. We are deeply appreciative of the collaboration of the Embassy of Argentina, which has been our partner during this event for the past decade.

Tonight, we are delighted to have the support of our sponsors Bodegas Salentein, providing us with the finest wines from Argentina, and Kaandorp Cheese the best Dutch cheese on the market. Your contributions have added a touch of joy and elegance to this evening’s festivities.

We cannot forget the diligent and talented individuals who make Diplomat Magazine possible – our team of photographers, proofreaders, volunteers and our editor, Roy Lie Atjam

In closing, as we raise our glasses in celebration tonight, let us remember that diplomacy is not just about forging alliances and negotiating treaties; it’s also about fostering understanding, building bridges, and celebrating the richness of diverse cultures. Diplomat Magazine stands as a testament to these ideals, and we look forward to many more years of collaboration, friendship and shared success.”

The next speaker was Mr  Diego Sadofschi, Charge d’affaires a.i. of the Embassy of Argentina.

“I’d like to start by thanking Mrs. De Lara and her team for hosting once again this X edition of Diplomats Welcome After Summer Drink.

As many of you know, the Argentine embassy has regularly participated in this annual event, since its first edition 10 years ago. For us it´s a real pleasure to be part of this activity where the diplomatic community of The Hague meets again at the end of the summer.

Like in past editions, we are happy to share with all of you, two of our best wines: Malbec and Chardonnay, and our sparkling wine, all courtesy by Verbunt Verlinden for Bodegas Salentein.

You will also have the opportunity to savour the classic Argentine empanadas, which hold a special place in both our gastronomic and cultural heritage. Tonight, we invite you to embark on a journey full of the exquisite flavours and cultural treasures that define Argentina. So, I encourage you to indulge your senses and immerse yourself in this delicious exploration of Argentine cuisine and viticulture.

Take a moment to immerse yourself in the captivating beauty of Argentina through an amazing visual journey. As you explore the breathtaking images of our country, let the landscapes, colours and culture transport you to the heart of Argentina. This year, we are also delighted to invite you to visit the wonderful tourist destinations in Argentina, through videos and photographs.

We truly hope that in the near future you will be able to visit our country and enjoy its hospitality and natural beauties, as well as its gastronomy and wines.

We are really proud to say that Argentina is a wine country that can be discovered and enjoyed from north to south. It offers a stunning diversity of terroirs and unparalleled natural beauty which along with the warmth of its people make it ideal to enjoy a unique experience. Hopefully tonight, through music and wine, you will all have a taste of our country!

As  closing remark let me let me just say that in the 11th edition, next summer  I hope to deliver my speech in Spanish since we have seen in The Hague much progress during 2023 in its usage. You made recall the HCCH historic decision to adopt Spanish as an official language. This decision together with other initiatives to promote the Spanish language  – like the 44th session of the External Program of The Hague Academy of International Law that will be held in Asunción, Paraguay- will undoubtedly benefit not only Spanish speaking people but all stakeholders in mutual binding instruments in particular in the area of International Cooperation.”

Mr Jean-Marc Thouvenin, Secretary General of The Hague Academy of International Law.

The Secretary General of The Hague Academy of International Law, Mr Jean-Marc Thouvenin, delivered a detailed presentation on the Academy’s past, present (Centenary of the Academy), and upcoming activities.

 A live Jazz Band led by Gary Kavanagh and a singer animated the evening. There was a constant flow of tasty Argentinian snacks and drinks. The event was a celebration of the relations of friendship and fraternity between the diplomatic community, the authorities of the host country and the Dutch friends in creating spaces and setting bridges between us to continue strengthening cooperation among all parties.

Belt and Road Initiative: A Road of Prosperity for the New Era

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Belt and Road Initiative: A Road of Prosperity for the New Era

By Eleni Bampaliouta

In 2013, President Xi Jinping put forward the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). After a decade of development, the BRI has effectively promoted economic integration and interconnected development, and delivered benefits to all. It has laid down a pathway toward mutual benefit, win-win outcomes, prosperity and development in an age rife with turbulence and change.

The BRI shines the light of development and provides new impetus for global development. Development holds the master key to solving all problems and is a timeless theme for humanity. The BRI, focusing on development which best serves the common interests of all countries, has provided a platform for development with great inclusiveness, and promoted the common development and prosperity of all countries around the world. From 2013 to 2022, the total value of China’s trade in goods with key Belt and Road partner countries grew at an average annual rate of 8.6 percent, and the two-way investment exceeded USD 270 billion. Newly signed contracts of projects are worth over USD 1.2 trillion, and an array of infrastructure projects including roads, bridges and ports have come into commission, further promoting land, maritime, air and cyberspace connectivity.

The Belt and Road cooperation is not a solo performance, but a symphony played by all. The BRI has effectively synergized development strategies and practical demands among partners, and has helped partner countries transform their own advantages into tangible fruits of development. Over the past decade, overseas cooperative industrial parks including Thailand-China Rayong Industrial Zone and Ethiopia’s Eastern Industry Zone have flourished, serving as a catalyst for local industrialization and modernization. The World Bank estimates that by 2030, Belt and Road cooperation will bring an annual benefit of USD 1.6 trillion to the world, accounting for 1.3 percent of the global GDP and injecting strong impetus into global development.

The BRI shines the light of happiness and makes new contributions to people’s well-being. The people are the foundation of a state. When the foundation is strong, the state will be secure. Improving people’s livelihood has become another distinctive feature of the BRI. Over the past ten years, the BRI has helped lift nearly 40 million people out of poverty and created paths toward opportunity and prosperity for the local people. A large number of “small yet smart” livelihood programs such as schools, hospitals and stadiums have been put in place one after another, and more and more people are living a better life with a greater sense of happiness and benefit.

The China-Europe Railway Express completed over 15,000 freight services, serving as a health train delivering medical supplies during the pandemic. In January this year, the China-aided African Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) headquarters, the first CDC in Africa featuring modern office facilities and high-end laboratories, was successfully handed over. Facing the global food crisis, China and its BRI partners have been actively engaged in agricultural cooperation and popularized hybrid rice, Juncao and other practical technologies, making positive contributions to ensuring food supply for the local people.

The BRI shines the light of hope and opens up new prospects for common prosperity. The U.N. 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is now encountering difficulties in its implementation, and the development gap keeps widening. Countries around the world have a stronger aspiration for development and cooperation. Many developing countries have seized the momentum of the BRI and got on board the express train of China’s development. As we accelerate the development of the health Silk Road, the digital Silk Road, the green Silk Road and the Silk Road of innovation, more opportunities for cooperation will be created. This will open up broader prospects for industrial upgrading, energy transformation and innovative development in those countries.

Talents are the most important asset that secures a bright future. Under the framework of Belt and Road cooperation, China has vigorously carried out relevant talent exchange activities and research cooperation. With the help of Luban Workshops, China has put in place vocational workshops in more than 20 countries to provide vocational and technical training for local young people, boosting the internal growth drivers of relevant countries.

The third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation will soon be held in Beijing. It will be the grandest event to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the BRI, and an important platform for all parties to discuss high-quality Belt and Road cooperation. We hope that all parties, standing on the new starting point, will make the pie of development increasingly bigger, so as to provide solid support for people’s well-being and create more opportunities for economic growth. In doing so, we will usher in another wonderful decade on this road of global prosperity.

Martin Luther King Jr.: A True Authentic Leader

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Martin Luther King Jr.: A True Authentic Leader

By Mostafa Sayyadi & Michael J. Provitera

Charismatic leaders are bread to be reckoned with but inspirational charismatic leaders that are authentic, like Martin Luther King Jr., brought joy, hope, and a positive attitude to their nations. Authenticity leads to greater trust and engagement. Therefore, becoming an authentic leader can be very valuable for leaders. Authentic leadership requires the development of four leadership characteristics, and we show in this article how four leadership characteristics that made Martin Luther King Jr. ultimately bring greater trust and engagement to his nation.

The first characteristic of authentic leaders is extraordinary commitment. King continuously improved himself to motivate his followers more effectively. His “I have a dream” speech resonated with people because most people heard of goals or objectives but not dreams. He had an inner commitment that equipped him with better human qualities than his predecessors.

King perpetuated a superior quality in himself and used each opportunity to continuously change and transform himself. A clear example of this feature can be seen in King’s awareness and friendship with Mahatma Gandhi. His familiarity with Gandhi formed the basis for a permanent change in his thoughts and attitude to promote anti-racism in the United States of America.

King’s high self-awareness cultivated his emotional intelligence. He was one of the first icons of SWOT, which stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. Always seeking to improve his strengths and eliminate, or lessen, his weaknesses. His high level of discernment and continuous self-evaluation as an authentic leader provided him with a better understanding of himself and caused him to better understand others to know their feelings and beliefs better.

King had more respect and value for the beliefs and feelings of others. The “I have a dream” speech best captures this self-awareness cultivated in Martin Luther King Jr. when this authentic leader, understanding the white American community without negating their values ​​and beliefs, focuses on portraying a future characterized by Justice and equality which, he felt, go hand in hand. This feature of authentic leadership communication is attractive and exciting in every society and for every person from every background and race. Ergo, the new contagion of diversity, equity, and inclusion.

The third characteristic of King’s authentic leadership is his mission and vision orientation. He was able to take a negative culturally evasive norm and turn it around instantly. This can be manifested in the last, but not least characteristic of King’s authentic leadership, his motivation to fulfill his life mission. By creating a big mission, King mobilizes followers’ beliefs to achieve the defined mission of self-awareness. “Every man has value, and value is represented of every man (and woman).”

King stays with his followers in the most difficult times and the most unexpected events and continuously motivated them to prepare their mentality to resist and overcome obstacles. Martin Luther King Jr. recognized and embraced an important goal when he said, “I was a drum major for justice, peace, and righteousness” and “We shall overcome because the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice.” As a modern-day philosopher, he continuously motivated his followers through his communication channels when he said, “We must accept finite disappointment, but never lose infinite hope” and “Out of the mountain of despair, a stone of hope.”

We must all embrace the notion that MLK is the father of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, as nations and countries become more focused on the long-term goals and prioritize authenticity in their macro development strategies. Becoming an authentic leader is a great benefit for political leaders. As Nancy Koehn, author and professor at Harvard University, says “It’s what we’re thirsty for now,  we are looking for leaders who can help us make a leap of faith and be integral to creating a better world, and to believe this is worthy of doing so, and possible.” Regardless of the political or corporate position you are in today, attempt to develop authentic leadership characteristics and improve your emotional intelligence so that you can be a successful, lasting and influential politician, or leader, like Martin Luther King Jr.

The only constant is change

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The only constant is change

By Alexandra Paucescu

She has that fine and distinguished attitude that most French women have. I remember perfectly the first time I saw her, at a New Diplomatic Year reception, during my ‘German years’. But life in the diplomatic world takes you from one place to another and it is often that you don’t get the chance to properly meet a person or to discover her completely. This is what happened to us, but, luckily, nowadays technology and social media can be a big help and bring people from great distance to just a click away. And that’s how I discovered her beautiful life story.

French Sylvie Teisseire-Klause studied literature and linguistics and had decided to become a teacher. But she met her German diplomat husband 38 years ago on ‘neutral ground’ as she puts it, in England. From then on, life took her to Bonn and later to Warsaw, Washington DC and London, with Berlin as their home base.

‘We fell immediately in love with Poland, our first posting. A lively and joyful spirit and a strong sense of community can be found in Polish culture; not to mention their warm hospitality, their love for music and dance. America made also a deep impression on our entire family. Our children mostly grew up there as teenagers, and we all appreciated the country’s diversity, its natural beauty and breathtaking landscapes, its vibrant, enthusiastic and cheerful society, we cherished the country’s openness and the fact that people are non-judgmental’.

When asked about her profession, she tells me: ‘as for many diplomatic couples, our different postings did not always make it easy or possible to pursue my initial career, which is why I kept on studying and changed my job twice. ‘

She worked for the network of Lycée Français abroad, then, while in DC, she decided to take a career change and follow her other passion: yoga. ‘I taught yoga in the corporate world, in schools, spas and gyms, at the German Embassy to colleagues in the lunch breaks. I started my own studio, specialized in Hatha and Raja Yoga, and kept on studying Yoga philosophy, ancient texts and Sanskrit till 2018, when I did my Advanced Teacher’s Training to become an Acharya (post graduate degree). Everything came to a standstill when Covid hit, but there again, I jumped at the opportunity to start a new training, a three-year program to become a certified Yoga Therapist.

Teaching yoga for more than a decade has increased my general interest in the human body, the mind and health in general and the whole process convinced me it should be more accessible to everybody. Yoga Therapy is a holistic and powerful way to help people cope with their very specific, individual health issues. Not a lot of people in Europe know about it. We are half way between physiotherapists and psychotherapists, as we work and focus on the body-mind connection. It is an emerging job on the Old Continent, but it is very popular in the USA and even covered by Medicare when the one-on-one tailor made sessions are designed to support the patient with cardiovascular diseases and mental health (PTSD, depression, anxiety, stress, etc).

I got my credentials from the International Association of Yoga Therapists when we moved to London. In the months following our settling in the UK, I worked on my professional website and a new adventure started… but I never stop studying: I am a teacher forever and a lifelong student!’

As a very active person, she loves turning her hobbies into useful projects, ranging from leading and organizing diplomatic tennis group’s activities to raising funds for local charities. ‘As a marathoner, I run to raise awareness and money to support various causes. I hike a lot too (another fund raiser), which is at the same time a very pleasant way to discover a country. I have always done a lot of volunteer work: teaching (catechism) or helping in the different parishes or local humanitarian organizations we happened to belong to over the years. I am convinced that we are blessed to be able to give, and as diplomats we are definitely givers’. Such a nice way to put it!

She embraced change as the only constant in her life, which she filled with things and activities that brought her joy. She raised three confident, independent and accomplished children and built her own happiness, embracing a cosmopolitan attitude while permanently improving social skills and cultural experiences, but also sticking to diplomatic protocol.

‘I have always found the international diplomatic community very supportive and empathetic, because yes, there can be challenging times… It has been a great comfort sometimes and I am grateful for all I’ve learned from such a diversified group of individuals, who all share the same concerns, from our representative and supportive roles to our necessary resilience, our learning new languages, our adapting to new circumstances, our enjoying similar interests and the motivation to engage in altruistic actions and projects.

It goes without saying that the smaller the country the easier it is to connect. Some diplomatic colleagues or people we came across turned into lifelong friends and technology allows us to maintain a close and lasting connection when far away. To me, these friendships are priceless. Meanwhile, we always try to offer our guests the opportunity to get to know our country. With our German-French background, we try to combine both cultures, especially when it comes to cuisine and wines!

Outsiders might not always see the work we do as spouses, all the planning, orchestrating, logistics… but even if we work behind the scenes, they do appreciate the result. We have roles of representation and supportive roles… sometimes we would wish to be a bit more supported ourselves. Sometimes it takes time to initiate a project and before it has even had the chance to grow and develop, you have to move again… and complaining about that drawback can be taboo… That is why I like to stick to those lines: No regrets, just lessons. No worries, just acceptance. No expectations, just gratitude… and then, life will smile back at you!’


Sylvie fondly speaks about her parents who shaped her personality and welcoming nature, which helped tremendously in the diplomatic life.  ‘We used to have a lot of guests at home. My parents are wine lovers and epicures. I learned everything from my mother as far as “l’art de recevoir” (the art of hosting) is concerned. Even today, at the age of 81, she still takes it to heart to treat her guests the best she can and emphasizes hospitality. It has always been an honor and a delight to carry on in her footsteps, and follow that exquisite tradition by hosting our guests in that warm and thoughtful manner’.

She is grateful for the life she lived, for the many interesting people that she had the chance to meet, from the Late Queen Elisabeth II to President Obama and other charismatic world leaders.

She thinks that ‘diplomacy promotes peace and so does yoga. Everyday my husband and I dedicate ourselves to promote actions and goals that recognize our individual and collective responsibility to foster peace and make this world a better place… each of us differently’.

In the end, Sylvie wisely concludes: ‘Happiness is nothing to look for and find. It is work, we create it. Joy or rather “la joie de vivre” is a medicine. So, make your own joy, every-single-day. And share, share, share!’

About the author:

Alexandra Paucescu

Alexandra Paucescu- Author of “Just a Diplomatic Spouse” Romanian, management graduate with a Master in business, cultural diplomacy and international relations studies.

She speaks Romanian, English, French, German and Italian,  gives lectures on intercultural communication and is an active NGO volunteer.

King Mohammed VI welcomes IMF and World Bank leadership to the country’s Parliament

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King Mohammed VI welcomes IMF and World Bank leadership to the country’s Parliament

By Eleni-Vasiliki Bampaliouta

King Mohammed VI presided, on Friday 13 October, at the opening of the first session of the third legislative year of the country’s 11th parliamentary term. His speech to the members of the House of Representatives and the House of Councilors was watched from the front seats, with special attention, as guests of honor, the managing director of the International Monetary Fund and the president of the World Bank.

The Moroccan ruler pointed out that “our guide is our strong will to take action to rebuild the country”, after the terrible earthquake that “hurt it, leaving behind thousands of victims and many injured, for whose recovery we fervently pray” , insisting “on the need to continue the aid and support to the affected families, to proceed at a rapid pace with the upgrading and reconstruction of the earthquake-affected areas, to ensure and immediately provide them with basic services”.

“Despite the magnitude of the disaster, he added, sadness and pain gave way to consolation and pride, judging by the spirit of mutual aid and solidarity towards the affected, which was demonstrated in various ways, with sincerity and spontaneity, both by the Moroccan people, inside and outside the borders, as well as the bodies of civil society”. The monarch also added that a valuable lesson from this tragedy is the finding that the authentic values of the Moroccan soul prevailed, “those that have always allowed our country to overcome crises and adversities and that continuously strengthen our determination to continue moving forward with confidence and optimism “, emphasizing that “this beautiful spirit, this noble ideal exists in all of us because it represents, for us, the fermentation of unity and cohesion of Moroccan society”.

Guests of honor at the opening session of the work of the Moroccan Parliament, the managing director of the IMF and the president of the World Bank, who watched the royal speech with particular attention from the front seats.

The king underlined that he “always takes care of the protection of the family, inaugurating major projects and reforms in its favor”, making special mention of the plan to generalize social protection as “a key pillar of the country’s social and development model” and pointing out that at the end of the year the direct social assistance program will also be put into operation, which will allow the improvement of the standard of living of the target families, the fight against poverty and precariousness and, ultimately, the improvement of social and human development indicators.

He added that the corresponding “orientation was given to the government, so that the said program is implemented in accordance with a more general vision and with the provisions of the framework law on social protection, which has been approved by the Parliament”, and its implementation “it must be a model of success and therefore must be supported by the Single Social Register (RSU) targeting system and take full advantage of the potential of new technologies.”

The Moroccan ruler insisted on “absolute respect for the principles of solidarity, transparency and justice in the distribution of aid, especially for the benefit of those who deserve it”, calling on the government to prioritize the rationalization of existing social welfare programs, the guarantee of their effectiveness, as well as the sustainability of financial resources. “We insist on ensuring the good governance of the project, in all its dimensions. For this, it is necessary to put in place an ad-hoc monitoring and evaluation mechanism to ensure the best possible framework for development and continuous adaptation,” concluded the king.

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Belt and Road Initiative: A Road of Openness for the New Era

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Belt and Road Initiative: A Road of Openness for the New Era

By Eleni-Vasiliki Bampaliouta

Spanning thousands of miles and years, the ancient Silk Road brought together people of various civilizations, religions, nationalities and races across Asia, Europe and Africa. It opened up windows of friendly engagement among nations, and added a splendid chapter to the history of human progress.

As a key measure to advance opening up, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) grows from China but serves the world. Over the past decade, an open China has joined hands with more and more partners for a better world.

Boosting benefit sharing and inclusiveness through opening up.

The BRI welcomes all countries with open arms, following the Silk Road spirit of peace and cooperation, openness and inclusiveness, mutual learning and mutual benefit. The BRI is not ideologically driven, still less with values-related strings attached. It is not created for the sake of power confrontation or forming blocs. In contrast to those “small circles” or “exclusionary groups” pieced together by some countries, Belt and Road cooperation is a big family guided by the principle of extensive consultation and joint contribution for shared benefit. As of June this year, more than 150 countries and 30-plus international organizations have signed over 200 Belt and Road cooperation documents with China. Some international observers comment that no country in history has ever tried to roll out policies to build economic ties among so many countries across various continents.

Enhancing cooperation through opening up.

As a highly popular global public good and cooperation platform, the BRI promotes connectivity, facilitates the effort of relevant countries and regions to better integrate into global supply, industrial and value chains, and creates greater development opportunities. The initiative is a broad path along which China and other countries share opportunities for common development. Over the past decade, the BRI has galvanized nearly USD 1 trillion of investment, launched more than 3,000 cooperation projects, and created an array of national landmarks, livelihood projects and milestones of cooperation. The China-Laos Railway helps make land-locked Laos a land-linked country. The Mombasa-Nairobi Railway adds more than two percentage points to local economic growth. The China-Europe Railway Express has completed over 73,000 freight services. Indeed, the BRI has become a “belt of development” and a “road to happiness”.

Addressing development problems through opening up.

As an open platform for cooperation, the BRI aims to build a fair, equitable and transparent system of international trade and investment rules, and make economic globalization more open, inclusive, balanced and beneficial to all. The effective operation of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, the Belt and Road Special Lending Scheme, the Silk Road Fund, Silk Road theme bonds, and other new instruments will help ease the problem of inaccessible and expensive financing. New platforms for international development cooperation, including the Belt and Road Sustainable Cities Alliance and the BRI International Green Development Coalition, will create more development opportunities and brighter prospects for developing countries, and help narrow development gaps. According to data from the World Bank, Belt and Road cooperation is on course to help lift 7.6 million people from extreme poverty and 32 million from moderate poverty across the world by 2030.

As an ancient Chinese saying goes, “Ceaseless inflow of rivers makes the ocean deep.” China will host the third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation this year. A more open China will further integrate itself into the world and deliver greater progress and prosperity for both China and the world at large.

This saying is not the only piece of wisdom that drives the BRI, but the Chinese emphasis on peace and harmony is an important feature as well. Through this openness and mutual respect, development works as a tool for peace.

The Silk Road

Peace brings win-win results.

The BRI aims to build more partnerships and make the pie bigger, and it opposes creating small clubs or seeking selfish interests. Over the past decade, synergy has been fostered between the BRI and the U.N. 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Eurasian Economic Union, the African Union’s Agenda 2063, the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity, as well as other international and regional development strategies. In May this year, the China-Central Asia Summit was successfully held to further synergize the BRI with the development strategies of the five Central Asian countries. Greater economic integration and deeper cooperation will inject new vigor into global peace and stability.

Peace enables development.

Embodied in the BRI is the vision of open, integrated and mutually beneficial cooperation, which is demonstrated by numerous examples. The Smederevo Steel Plant in Serbia brims with renewed vigor; the Piraeus port in Greece is among the top ports in the Mediterranean in terms of throughput; cataract patients in Uzbekistan are provided with opportunities to regain their sight; and villagers living in arid areas in Senegal now have better access to safe drinking water. Such development dividends cannot be achieved without a peaceful and stable environment. And thus, the pursuit of peace and development has gained stronger public support.

More than 2,100 years ago, Zhang Qian, a royal emissary of China’s Han Dynasty, traveled westward and opened an overland route linking the East and the West. In the early 15th century, Zheng He, a famous navigator in the Ming Dynasty, made seven voyages to the Western Seas, a feat that is still remembered today. These pioneers won their place in history not as conquerors with warships, guns or swords. Rather, they are remembered as friendly emissaries leading camel caravans and sailing treasure-laden ships. Thousands of years on, China continues to follow the path of peaceful development, strive to build the Belt and Road into a road of peace, and march hand-in-hand with other countries toward security and development for all.

This strategy of cooperation, openness, and peace is conducive to an environment of innovation and forward-thinking strategy, another key aspect of the BRI.

This is a road that brings together resources of innovation.

In the past decade, Belt and Road cooperation has spurred greater innovation in science and technology. From promoting people-to-people exchanges in science and technology to jointly building laboratories, from enhancing cooperation on science and technology parks to building technology transfer centers, the vision for a community of innovation featuring shared development philosophies, unimpeded flow of production factors, networked technology facilities, connected innovation chains and vibrant people-to-people exchanges is turning into reality. At the water-conserving irrigation laboratory jointly built by China and Egypt, water can be channeled to the roots of crops through underground seeping pipes with just a tap on the phone. This advanced water-saving irrigation system from China provides an effective solution to the problems of high temperature, drought and water shortage that plague Egypt’s agricultural development. Belt and Road cooperation is also instrumental in integrating resources of innovation from all parties. China and Portugal are located by the Pacific and the Atlantic respectively, with different climates and geographical conditions, yet greater cooperation on innovation including the Joint International Research Laboratory of Marine Biology inaugurated in 2017 and the Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Space and Sea Technology Advanced Research launched in 2021 not only enables information sharing between the two countries, but also promotes complementarity in scientific research capabilities, thus producing a multiplying effect.

This is a road that delivers the benefits of scientific and technological innovation to the people.

Through Belt and Road cooperation, China has not only integrated itself into the global scientific and technological innovation network, but also helped spread the fruits of innovation to more countries and peoples. China has carried out extensive cooperation with partner countries in smart cities, mobile payment, cross-border e-commerce and other areas of digital economy, and supported them in establishing and improving technology markets. China has set up the Technology Transfer South-South Cooperation Center with the United Nations Development Program, promoted cooperation among higher education institutions and research institutes, and helped partner countries cultivate future innovators. As co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Bill Gates said, China has an incredible mix of expertise and experience, as well as investment in scientific and technological innovation, and it will be able to make unique contributions to sharing its technologies and its lessons.

This year, China will host the third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation. Going ahead, China will continue to promote Belt and Road cooperation on innovation, fully tap the potential of innovation, open up broader space for win-win cooperation, and provide more shared treasures for people worldwide to achieve common development and prosperity.

Isni Kilaj Arrested

Diplomat Magazine
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Isni Kilaj Arrested

Isni Kilaj Arrested and Transferred to the KSC Detention Facilities in The Hague – First Appearance Scheduled for Saturday, 4 November 2023

Isni Kilaj was arrested yesterday in Kosovo by the Specialist Prosecutor’s Office, pursuant to an arrest order issued by the Specialist Prosecutor’s Office. Isni Kilaj was transferred to the Detention Facilities of the Kosovo Specialist Chambers in The Hague today pursuant to a transfer order issued by a Single Judge of the Kosovo Specialist Chambers.

The arrest order was issued by the Specialist Prosecutor for Isni Kilaj for offences against the administration of justice, including obstructing official persons in performing official duties within the meaning of Article 401 of the 2019 Kosovo Criminal Code, Code No.06/L-074 (KCC) and violating secrecy of proceedings under Article 392 of the KCC, and Articles 15(2) and 16(3) of Law No.05/L-053 on Specialist Chambers and Specialist Prosecutor’s Office (Law).

The Specialist Prosecutor’s Office carried out the arrest with the support of the Kosovo Police and the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX). Under the Law, police within the Specialist Prosecutor’s Office have the authority and responsibility to exercise powers given to Kosovo police under Kosovo law.

Under the Law, anyone arrested on order of the Specialist Prosecutor shall be brought before a Judge of the Kosovo Specialist Chambers within 48 hours of his or her arrest. The first appearance of Isni Kilaj is scheduled to take place on Saturday, 4 November 2023 at 10:00 hours in the courtroom of the Kosovo Specialist Chambers (KSC) in The Hague.

The first Appearance will be a public hearing during which the Single Judge will make sure that Isni Kilaj has been informed of the reasons for his arrest and that his rights under the Law and the Rules, including the right to legal representation, are respected. Within 48 hours of the first Appearance, the Judge shall decide on the continued release or detention of Isni Kilaj.

The first Appearance can be viewed online with a short delay at https://www.scp-ks.org/en/streaming. The hearing can also be followed from the public gallery of the courtroom at the premises of the Kosovo Specialist

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